Salmon (Atlantic salimoni): malongosoledwe a nsomba, kumene amakhala, zimene amadya, moyo wautali bwanji

Salmoni imatchedwanso nsomba yolemekezeka ya Atlantic. Dzina lakuti "salmon" linaperekedwa kwa nsomba iyi ndi Pomors, ndipo anthu ochita chidwi a ku Norwegi adalimbikitsa mtundu wa dzina lomwelo ku Ulaya.

Salmoni nsomba: kufotokoza

Salmoni (Salmo salar) ndiyofunika kwambiri kwa asodzi. Nsomba ya ku Atlantic ndi ya nsomba ya ray-finned ndipo imayimira mtundu wa "salmon" ndi "salmon" ya banja. Asayansi, chifukwa chofufuza zasayansi zaku America ndi European salmon, adapeza kuti izi ndi mitundu yosiyana ndipo adazizindikira, motsatana, monga "S. Salar americanus” ndi “S. salary". Kuonjezera apo, pali chinthu monga nsomba yosamukasamuka ndi nsomba za m'nyanja (zamadzi ozizira). Nsomba ya m'nyanjayi poyamba inkaganiziridwa ngati mitundu yosiyana, ndipo m'nthawi yathu ino idapatsidwa mawonekedwe apadera - "Salmo salar morpha sebago".

Miyeso ndi maonekedwe

Oimira onse a saumoni amasiyanitsidwa ndi pakamwa patali, pomwe nsagwada zam'mwamba zimapitilira kupitilira kwa maso. Munthu akamakula, mano ake amakhala olimba. Amuna okhwima pakugonana amakhala ndi mbedza yowoneka bwino kumapeto kwa nsagwada zapansi, zomwe zimalowa kupsinjika kwa nsagwada zapamwamba. Thupi la nsombayo ndi lalitali komanso lopanikizidwa pang’onopang’ono, pamene limakutidwa ndi mamba ang’onoang’ono asiliva. Iwo samatsatira thupi mwamphamvu ndi mosavuta peel off. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso m'mphepete mwake. Pa mzere wotsatira, mutha kuwerengera mpaka masikelo 150 kapena kuchepera pang'ono. Zipsepse za m'chiuno zimapangidwa kuchokera ku ma ray opitilira 6. Zili pakatikati pa thupi, ndipo zipsepse za pectoral zili kutali ndi mzere wapakatikati.

Ndikofunika kudziwa! Mfundo yakuti nsomba iyi ndi woimira banja la "salmon" ikhoza kudziwika ndi chipsepse chaching'ono cha adipose, chomwe chili kumbuyo kwa dorsal fin. Chipsepse chamchira chili ndi kabokosi kakang'ono.

Mimba ya salimoni ndi yoyera, mbali zake ndi zasiliva, ndipo kumbuyo ndi buluu kapena kubiriwira ndi sheen. Kuyambira pamzere wotsatira ndikuyandikira kumbuyo, mawanga akuda ambiri osagwirizana amatha kuwoneka pathupi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, palibe madontho pansi pa mzere wotsatira.

Nsomba zazing'ono za Atlantic zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wodziwika bwino: pamtunda wakuda, mutha kuwona mpaka mawanga 12 pathupi lonse. Asanabereke, amuna amasintha kwambiri mtundu wawo ndipo amakhala ndi mawanga ofiira kapena lalanje, kumbuyo kwa mtundu wamkuwa, ndipo zipsepsezo zimakhala ndi mithunzi yosiyana. Panthaŵi ya kuswana ndi pamene nsagwada za m’munsi zimatalika mwa zazimuna ndipo pamakhala chobowola chooneka ngati mbedza.

Pankhani ya chakudya chokwanira, munthu aliyense payekha amatha kukula mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka m'litali ndikulemera pafupifupi 50 kg. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukula kwa nsomba za m'nyanja kungakhale kosiyana m'mitsinje yosiyanasiyana. M'mitsinje ina amalemera makilogalamu 5, ndipo ena - pafupifupi 9 kg.

M'mabeseni a Nyanja Yoyera ndi Barents, oimira akuluakulu a banja ili ndi ang'onoang'ono, olemera mpaka 2 kg ndipo osapitirira mamita 0,5, amapezeka.

Moyo, khalidwe

Malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi bwino kunena kuti salimoni ndi mitundu ya anadromous yomwe imatha kukhala m'madzi abwino komanso amchere. M'madzi amchere a m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja, nsomba za Atlantic zimanenepa, zimadya nsomba zazing'ono ndi crustaceans zosiyanasiyana. Panthawi imeneyi, pali kukula kwachangu kwa anthu, pamene nsomba zimakula kukula ndi masentimita 20 pachaka.

Achinyamata amakhala m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja kwa zaka pafupifupi 3, mpaka atakula msinkhu. Nthawi yomweyo, amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mozama osapitilira 120 metres. Asanabereke, anthu okonzekera kuswana amapita kukamwa kwa mitsinje, kenako amakwera kumtunda, kugonjetsa tsiku lililonse mpaka makilomita 50.

Chochititsa chidwi! Pakati pa oimira "salmon" pali mitundu yochepa yomwe imakhala m'mitsinje ndipo samapita kunyanja. Maonekedwe amtunduwu amalumikizidwa ndi madzi ozizira komanso zakudya zopanda thanzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuletsa kusasitsa kwa nsomba.

Akatswiri amasiyanitsanso pakati pa lacustrine ndi mitundu yamasika ya nsomba ya Atlantic, kutengera nthawi yakutha msinkhu. Izi zimalumikizidwa motsatana ndi nthawi yoberekera: mawonekedwe amodzi amamera m'dzinja ndipo winayo masika. Nyanja ya salmon, yomwe ndi yaying'ono kukula kwake, imakhala m'nyanja yakumpoto, monga Onega ndi Ladoga. M'nyanja, amadya mwachangu, koma kuti abereke amapita ku mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda m'nyanjazi.

Kodi nsomba imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Monga lamulo, nsomba za Atlantic sizikhala zaka zoposa 6, koma ngati pali zinthu zabwino, zimatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi 2, mpaka zaka 12,5.

Range, malo okhala

Salmoni ndi nsomba yomwe ili ndi malo ambiri omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Atlantic ndi kumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Arctic. Dziko la America limadziwika ndi malo okhala nsomba, kuphatikizapo gombe la ku America kuchokera ku Mtsinje wa Connecticut, womwe uli pafupi ndi madera akumwera, mpaka ku Greenland komweko. Nsomba za salmon za ku Atlantic zimaswana m’mitsinje yambiri ku Ulaya, kuyambira ku Portugal ndi ku Spain mpaka ku nyanja ya Barents. Mitundu ya saumoni ya m'nyanja imapezeka m'madzi amchere ku Sweden, Norway, Finland, ndi zina zotero.

Nsomba za m'nyanjayi zimakhala m'malo osungira madzi abwino omwe ali ku Karelia komanso ku Kola Peninsula. Anakumana:

• M'nyanja za Kuito (Lower, Middle and Upper).
• Mu Segozero ndi Vygozero.
• Ku Imandra ndi Kamenny.
• Mu Topozero ndi Pyaozero.
• Ku Nyanja Nyuk ndi Sandal.
• Ku Lovozero, Pyukozero ndi Kimasozero.
• M'nyanja za Ladoga ndi Onega.
• Nyanja ya Janisjarvi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, nsomba ndi mwachangu anagwidwa m'madzi a Nyanja Baltic ndi White, mu Pechora Mtsinje, komanso m'mphepete mwa mzinda wa Murmansk.

Malinga ndi IUCN, mitundu ina idalowetsedwa m'madzi a Australia, New Zealand, Argentina ndi Chile.

Zakudya za salmon

Nsomba za salimoni zimatengedwa ngati nyama yolusa, yomwe imadzipatsa yokha zakudya zam'nyanja zazikulu. Monga lamulo, maziko a zakudya si nsomba zazikulu, komanso oimira invertebrates. Choncho, zakudya za salmon zikuphatikizapo:

• Sprat, hering'i ndi hering'i.
• Gerbil ndi fungo.
• Krill ndi echinoderms.
• Nkhanu ndi shrimp.
• Fungo lozungulira katatu (loyimira madzi abwino).

Chochititsa chidwi! Salmoni, yomwe imakula m'malo opangira, imadyetsedwa ndi shrimp. Pachifukwa ichi, nyama ya nsomba imakhala ndi pinki yochuluka kwambiri.

Nsomba za Atlantic zomwe zimalowa m'mitsinje ndikupita kukaswana zimasiya kudya. Anthu omwe sanafike msinkhu wogonana ndipo sanapitebe kunyanja amadya zooplankton, mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mphutsi za caddisfly, ndi zina zotero.

Kubala ndi ana

Ntchito yobereketsa imayamba mu Seputembala ndipo imatha mu Disembala. Pofuna kuswana, nsomba imasankha malo abwino kumtunda kwa mitsinje. Salmoni yopita ku kubala imagonjetsa zopinga zamitundu yonse, komanso mphamvu yapano. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amagonjetsa mathithi ndi mathithi ang'onoang'ono, akudumpha pafupifupi mamita atatu kuchokera m'madzi.

Nsomba ikayamba kusamukira kumtunda kwa mitsinje, imakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira komanso mphamvu zokwanira, koma ikayandikira malo oberekera, imataya pafupifupi mphamvu zake zonse, koma mphamvu iyi ndi yokwanira kukumba dzenje mpaka kutalika kwa mita 3. pansi ndi kuika caviar. Zitatha izi, yaimuna imaithira manyowa ndipo yaikazi imatha kutaya mazira ndi nthaka yapansi.

Zosangalatsa kudziwa! Kutengera ndi zaka, nsomba zazikazi zimayikira mazira 10 mpaka 26, omwe ali ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 5 mm. Salmoni imatha kubereka mpaka kasanu pa moyo wawo.

Zikachulukana, nsombazi zimafa ndi njala, motero zimabwerera kunyanja zitawonda komanso zovulala, komanso zili ndi zipsepse zovulala. Nthawi zambiri, anthu ambiri amafa chifukwa cha kutopa, makamaka amuna. Ngati nsomba imatha kulowa m'nyanja, ndiye kuti imabwezeretsanso mphamvu ndi mphamvu zake, ndipo mtundu wake umakhala wasiliva wapamwamba kwambiri.

Monga lamulo, kutentha kwa madzi kumtunda kwa mitsinje sikudutsa madigiri + 6, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa mazira, kotero kuti mwachangu amawonekera mwezi wa May. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mwachangu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi akuluakulu, choncho, panthawi ina adanenedwa molakwika kuti ndi mitundu ina. Anthu am'deralo adatcha nsomba yachinyamata "pestryanki", chifukwa cha mtundu wake. Thupi la mwachangu limasiyanitsidwa ndi mthunzi wakuda, pomwe limakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa ndi mawanga ambiri ofiira kapena ofiirira. Chifukwa cha kukongola kotereku, ana amatha kudzibisa bwino pakati pa miyala ndi zomera zam'madzi. M'malo oberekera, ana amatha kukhala zaka 5. Anthu amalowa m'nyanja atatalika pafupifupi masentimita 20, pomwe mtundu wawo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana umasinthidwa ndi mtundu wa silvery.

Achinyamata omwe atsalira m'mitsinje amasanduka amuna ang'onoang'ono, omwe, monga amuna akuluakulu, amatenga nawo mbali pakupanga mazira, nthawi zambiri amathamangitsa ngakhale amuna akuluakulu. Amuna aamuna ang’onoting’ono amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa kubereka ana, popeza kuti aamuna akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala otanganidwa kukonza zinthu ndipo salabadira anthu ang’onoang’ono a m’banja lawo.

Adani achilengedwe a nsomba

Amuna ocheperako amatha kudya mazira oikika mosavuta, ndipo minnow, sculpin, whitefish, ndi nsomba zam'madzi zimadya mwachangu mwachangu. M'chilimwe, chiwerengero cha ana amachepa chifukwa cha kusaka taimen. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba ya Atlantic imaphatikizidwa muzakudya za zilombo zina zam'mitsinje, monga:

• Nsomba ya trauti.
• Golec.
• Pike.
• Nalim ndi ena.

Pokhala m'malo oberekera, salimoni imagwidwa ndi otters, mbalame zodya nyama, monga ziwombankhanga zoyera, ma mergansers akuluakulu ndi ena. Pokhala kale m'nyanja yotseguka, nsomba za salimoni zimakhala chakudya cha anangumi akupha, anamgumi a beluga, komanso ma pinnipeds ambiri.

Mtengo wa nsomba

Salmon nthawi zonse imatengedwa ngati nsomba yamtengo wapatali ndipo imatha kusinthidwa mosavuta kukhala chakudya chokoma kwambiri. Kalelo m'nthawi ya tsarist, nsomba ya salimoni idagwidwa pa Peninsula ya Kola ndikuperekedwa kumadera ena, atathiridwa mchere komanso kusuta. Nsomba imeneyi inali chakudya chofala pa magome a anthu olemekezeka osiyanasiyana, pa matebulo a mafumu ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo.

Masiku ano, nsomba ya Atlantic si yotchuka kwambiri, ngakhale kuti palibe pagome la nzika zambiri. Nyama ya nsombayi imakhala ndi kakomedwe kakang'ono, choncho nsombayi ndi yokonda kwambiri malonda. Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti nsomba ya salimoni imagwidwa mwachangu m'masungidwe achilengedwe, imakula m'malo opangira. M'mafamu a nsomba, nsomba zimakula mofulumira kuposa momwe zimakhalira zachilengedwe ndipo zimatha kulemera mpaka 5 kg pachaka.

Chochititsa chidwi! Pamasalefu a masitolo aku Russia pali nsomba za salimoni zomwe zimagwidwa ku Far East ndikuyimira mtundu wa "Oncorhynchus", womwe umaphatikizapo oimira monga chum salimoni, salimoni wapinki, salimoni wa sockeye ndi salimoni wa coho.

Mfundo yakuti nsomba zapakhomo sizipezeka pamashelefu a masitolo aku Russia zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, pali kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa Norway ndi Nyanja ya Barents. Kukhalapo kwa Gulf Stream kufupi ndi gombe la Norway kumakweza kutentha kwa madzi ndi madigiri angapo, zomwe zimakhala zofunikira pakuweta nsomba. Ku Russia, nsomba ilibe nthawi yopezera malonda, popanda njira zowonjezera, monga ku Norway.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Padziko lonse lapansi, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2018, palibe chomwe chikuwopseza kuchuluka kwa nsomba za Atlantic. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nsomba za m'nyanja ( Salmo Salar m. sebago ) ku Russia zalembedwa mu Red Book pansi pa gulu 2, monga mitundu yomwe ikucheperachepera. Komanso, chiwerengero cha nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja ya Ladoga ndi Onega zachepa, kumene mpaka posachedwapa nsomba zomwe sizinachitikepo zidadziwika. M'nthawi yathu ino, nsomba zamtengo wapatalizi zakhala zochepa kwambiri mumtsinje wa Pechora.

Mfundo yofunika! Monga lamulo, zinthu zina zoipa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusodza kosalamulirika, kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, kuphwanya malamulo achilengedwe a mitsinje, komanso ntchito zakupha, zomwe zafala kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa nsomba.

M'mawu ena, m'pofunika mwamsanga kutenga njira zingapo zotetezera kuteteza kuchuluka kwa nsomba za nsomba. Chifukwa chake, salimoni imatetezedwa ku Kostomuksha Reserve, yomwe idapangidwa pamaziko a Nyanja ya Kamennoe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri amanena kuti m'pofunika kuchitapo kanthu mozama, monga kuswana m'mikhalidwe yopangira, kubwezeretsanso malo obereketsa zachilengedwe, kuthana ndi kupha nyama ndi nsomba zosalamulirika, ndi zina zotero.

Pomaliza

Masiku ano, nsomba za salimoni zimachokera makamaka kuzilumba za Faroe, zomwe zili kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Atlantic, pakati pa Iceland ndi Scotland. Monga lamulo, zolembazo zimasonyeza kuti iyi ndi nsomba ya Atlantic (Atlantic Salmon). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zimatengera ogulitsa okha zomwe angasonyeze pamtengo wamtengo wapatali - nsomba kapena nsomba. Titha kunena mosapita m'mbali kuti zolembedwa za salimoni ndizosavuta zamalonda. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti opanga ena amapaka utoto wa nsomba, koma izi ndi zongoganiza chabe, chifukwa mtundu wa nyama umadalira kuchuluka kwa shrimp muzakudya za nsomba.

Salmon ndi gwero la mapuloteni, popeza magalamu 100 ali ndi theka la chizolowezi cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha munthu. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama ya nsomba imakhala ndi zinthu zina zothandiza, monga mchere, mavitamini, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, zomwe zimakhudza bwino ntchito za ziwalo zamkati zaumunthu. Nthawi yomweyo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nsomba yaiwisi, yokhala ndi mchere pang'ono imakhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha chithandizo cha kutentha, ena a iwo akadali otayika, kotero kuti zochepa zimaperekedwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha, zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri. Ndi bwino kuphika kapena kuphika mu uvuni. Nsomba yokazinga ndi yochepa thanzi, ndipo ngakhale zoipa.

Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, ngakhale m’nthaŵi zakale, pamene mitsinje inali ndi nsomba zambiri za salmon za ku Atlantic, inalibe mkhalidwe wokoma, monga momwe ananenera wolemba wotchuka Walter Scott. Anthu ogwira ntchito ku Scotland amene analembedwa ntchito ananena kuti sadyetsedwa nsomba za salimoni kawirikawiri. Ndichoncho!