Umoyo wamaganizo ndi chikhalidwe chamunthu payekha

Ndikofunikiranso kuti tigwiritse ntchito lingaliro lenileni la thanzi (osati lauzimu, laumwini, lamalingaliro, ndi zina zotero). Timagwirizana ndi olemba omwe amakhulupirira kuti kuchotsedwa kwa lingaliro la «moyo» kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha sayansi ya zamaganizo kumalepheretsa kumvetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa moyo wamaganizo a munthu, ndi omwe amatchula mu ntchito zawo (BS Bratus, FE Vasilyuk, VP Zinchenko , TA Florenskaya ndi ena). Ndi chikhalidwe cha moyo monga dziko lamkati la munthu lomwe ndilo chizindikiro ndi chikhalidwe cha kuthekera kwake kuteteza ndi kugonjetsa mikangano yakunja ndi yamkati, kukulitsa umunthu ndikuwuwonetsera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Njira yathu yomvetsetsa thanzi la misala ndi yosiyana pang'ono ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mabuku azama psychology. Monga lamulo, olemba pamutuwu amalemba mikhalidwe ya umunthu yomwe imamuthandiza kuthana ndi zovuta za moyo komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zoperekedwa ku vutoli ndi buku la M. Yagoda «Maganizo amakono a thanzi labwino la maganizo» [21]. Yagoda adayika njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku a sayansi akumadzulo kuti afotokoze munthu wathanzi m'maganizo, malinga ndi mfundo zisanu ndi zinayi zazikulu: 1) kusowa kwa matenda a maganizo; 2) chikhalidwe; 3) mayiko osiyanasiyana a maganizo bwino (mwachitsanzo, «chimwemwe»); 4) kudziyimira pawokha; 5) luso lokhudza chilengedwe; 6) "zolondola" maganizo a zenizeni; 7) maganizo ena pa ife eni; 8) kukula, chitukuko ndi kudziona; 9) kukhulupirika kwa munthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adatsindika kuti zomwe zili mu semantic za lingaliro la "maganizo abwino" zimadalira cholinga chomwe munthu amene amachigwiritsa ntchito akukumana nacho.

Yagoda mwiniwakeyo adatchula zizindikiro zisanu za anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino m'maganizo: luso lotha kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yanu; kukhalapo kwa maubwenzi ofunika kwambiri kwa iwo; luso logwira ntchito bwino ndi ena; kudzipenda kwakukulu; ntchito mwadongosolo. Powerenga anthu omwe adachotsedwa ntchito, Yagoda adapeza kuti amakumana ndi vuto lamalingaliro ndendende chifukwa amataya ambiri mwa mikhalidwe iyi, osati chifukwa chakuti amataya chuma chawo.

Timapeza mndandanda wofanana wa zizindikiro za thanzi labwino m'mabuku a olemba osiyanasiyana. Mu lingaliro la G. Allport pali kusanthula kwa kusiyana pakati pa umunthu wathanzi ndi ubongo. Umunthu wathanzi, malinga ndi Allport, uli ndi zolinga zomwe zimayambitsidwa osati ndi zakale, koma ndi zamakono, zozindikira komanso zapadera. Allport adatcha munthu woteroyo kuti ndi wokhwima ndipo adatchula zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimamuzindikiritsa: "kukulitsa kudzikonda", zomwe zikutanthauza kutenga nawo mbali m'malo omwe ali ofunika kwambiri kwa iye; kutentha kwa ubale ndi ena, luso lachifundo, chikondi chozama ndi ubwenzi; chitetezo chamalingaliro, kuthekera kuvomereza ndi kuthana ndi zomwe akumana nazo, kulolerana kukhumudwa; kuzindikira zenizeni za zinthu, anthu ndi mikhalidwe, kuthekera kokhazikika pantchito ndikutha kuthetsa mavuto; kudzidziwa bwino ndi nthabwala zogwirizana; kukhalapo kwa «lingaliro limodzi la moyo», lingaliro lomveka bwino la cholinga cha moyo wamunthu monga munthu wapadera komanso maudindo ofanana [14, p. 335-351].

Kwa A. Maslow, munthu wathanzi m'maganizo ndi munthu amene wazindikira kufunika kodziwonetsera yekha mwachibadwa. Nayi mikhalidwe yomwe amawafotokozera anthu otere: kuzindikira kogwira mtima kwa zenizeni; kumasuka ku zochitika; umphumphu wa munthu; modzidzimutsa; kudziyimira pawokha; luso; chikhalidwe cha demokalase, ndi zina zotero. Maslow amakhulupirira kuti khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la anthu odziwonetsera okha ndilokuti onse amachita nawo bizinesi yamtengo wapatali kwa iwo, yomwe imapanga ntchito yawo. Chizindikiro china cha umunthu wathanzi Maslow akuyika mutu wa nkhani yakuti "Health monga njira yopulumukira ku chilengedwe", pamene akuti: "Tiyenera kuchitapo kanthu ... icho, kukhoza kuchikana, kulimbana nacho, kunyalanyaza kapena kupatukana nacho, kuchisiya kapena kuzolowerana nacho [22, p. 2]. Maslow akufotokoza kupatukana kwamkati ku chikhalidwe cha umunthu wodziwonetsera yekha ndi mfundo yakuti chikhalidwe chozungulira, monga lamulo, sichikhala ndi thanzi labwino kusiyana ndi umunthu wathanzi [11, p. 248].

A. Ellis, mlembi wa chitsanzo cha rational-emotional behaviour psychotherapy, amaika patsogolo njira zotsatirazi za thanzi la maganizo: kulemekeza zofuna za munthu; chikhalidwe cha anthu; kudzilamulira; kulekerera kwakukulu kwa kukhumudwa; kusinthasintha; kuvomereza kusatsimikizika; kudzipereka kuzinthu zopanga; kuganiza kwasayansi; kudzivomereza; kuopsa; kuchedwa hedonism; dystopianism; udindo pazovuta zawo zamalingaliro [17, p. 38-40].

Makhalidwe operekedwa a munthu wathanzi m'maganizo (monga ena ambiri omwe sanatchulidwe pano, kuphatikizapo omwe alipo m'mabuku a akatswiri a zamaganizo apakhomo) amasonyeza ntchito zomwe olemba awo amathetsa: kuzindikira zomwe zimayambitsa kuvutika maganizo, maziko amalingaliro ndi malingaliro othandiza pamaganizo. thandizo kwa anthu a m’maiko otukuka a Azungu . Zizindikiro zomwe zaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wotere zimadziwikiratu za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Amalola kukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino lamalingaliro kwa munthu yemwe ali wachikhalidwe chamakono chaku Western, kutengera zikhulupiriro za Chiprotestanti (ntchito, kulingalira, kudzikonda payekha, udindo, khama, kupambana), komanso yemwe watengera miyambo ya anthu aku Europe ( kudzidalira kwa munthu, ufulu wake wosangalala, ufulu, chitukuko, kulenga). Titha kuvomereza kuti modzidzimutsa, wapadera, kuwonetseratu, zilandiridwenso, kudziyimira pawokha, kuthekera kwaubwenzi wapamtima ndi zinthu zina zabwino kwambiri zimadziwika ndi munthu wathanzi m'maganizo pachikhalidwe chamakono. Koma kodi n’zotheka kunena, mwachitsanzo, kuti kumene kudzichepetsa, kusunga mosamalitsa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino, kutsatira miyambo ya makolo ndi kumvera ulamuliro mopanda malire kumaonedwa kuti ndizo makhalidwe abwino, mndandanda wa makhalidwe a munthu wathanzi labwino udzakhala wofanana. ? Mwachionekere ayi.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri ankadzifunsa kuti zizindikiro ndi zikhalidwe za mapangidwe a munthu wathanzi m'maganizo ndi ziti. M. Mead anachita chidwi ndi zimenezi ndipo anapereka yankho lake m’buku lakuti Growing Up in Samoa. Iye anasonyeza kuti kulibe kuvutika maganizo kwambiri pakati pa anthu a pachilumbachi, amene anasunga mpaka 1920s. zizindikiro za chikhalidwe cha moyo, chifukwa, makamaka, ndi kufunikira kochepa kwa iwo omwe ali ndi makhalidwe a anthu ena ndi awo. Chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Samoa sichinali kuyerekezera anthu ena, sichinali chizoloŵezi kupenda zolinga za khalidwe lawo, komanso kugwirizana kwamphamvu ndi mawonetseredwe ake sikunali kolimbikitsidwa. Mead adawona chifukwa chachikulu cha kuchuluka kwa ma neuroses mu chikhalidwe cha ku Europe (kuphatikiza ku America) poti ndi munthu payekhapayekha, malingaliro a anthu ena amakhala ngati munthu komanso amakhutitsidwa ndi malingaliro [12, p. 142-171].

Ndiyenera kunena kuti ena mwa akatswiri a zamaganizo adazindikira kuthekera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Kotero, E. Fromm amagwirizanitsa kusungidwa kwa thanzi labwino la munthu ndi kukwanitsa kupeza chikhutiro cha zosowa zingapo: mu ubale ndi anthu; mu kulenga; mu mizu; mu kudziwika; mu nzeru orientation ndi maganizo mtundu wa makhalidwe. Iye ananena kuti zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zokwaniritsira zosowazi. Motero, munthu wa m’fuko lachikale ankatha kusonyeza kuti ndi ndani mwa kukhala wa fuko lina; m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, munthuyo adadziwika ndi udindo wake muulamuliro wa feudal [20, p. 151-164].

K. Horney anasonyeza chidwi kwambiri vuto la chikhalidwe determinism zizindikiro za thanzi la maganizo. Zimatengera mfundo yodziwika bwino komanso yodziwika bwino ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti kuwunika kwa munthu kukhala wathanzi m'maganizo kapena kusakhala bwino kumadalira miyezo yomwe imatengedwa mu chikhalidwe chimodzi kapena chimzake: khalidwe, malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino mwa munthu. chikhalidwe amaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha pathology wina. Komabe, timapeza kuyesera kwa Horney kofunikira kwambiri kuti apeze zizindikiro za matenda amisala kapena matenda omwe amapezeka m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Amapereka zizindikiro zitatu za kutayika kwa thanzi la maganizo: kukhwima kuyankha (kumveka ngati kusowa kusinthasintha poyankha zochitika zinazake); kusiyana pakati pa kuthekera kwa anthu ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake; kukhalapo kwa nkhawa zamkati ndi njira zodzitetezera m'maganizo. Komanso, chikhalidwe pachokha chikhoza kutchula mitundu yeniyeni ya khalidwe ndi malingaliro omwe amachititsa munthu kukhala wosasunthika, wosapindulitsa, wodetsa nkhawa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imathandizira munthu, kutsimikizira mitundu iyi ya khalidwe ndi malingaliro monga momwe amavomerezera ambiri ndikumupatsa njira zothetsera mantha [16, p. 21].

Mu ntchito za K.-G. Jung, timapeza kufotokozera njira ziwiri zopezera thanzi labwino. Yoyamba ndi njira yodziyimira payokha, yomwe imaganiza kuti munthu amachita ntchito yodziyimira payokha, amayesa kulowa mkati mwa moyo wake ndikuphatikiza zochitika zenizeni kuchokera kugulu lachidziwitso ndi malingaliro ake a chidziwitso. Yachiwiri ndi njira yogonjera ku misonkhano: mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabungwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu - makhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndale, chipembedzo. Jung anagogomezera kuti kumvera mikangano kunali kwachibadwa kaamba ka chitaganya chimene moyo wa gulu umakhalapo, ndipo kudzidalira kwa munthu aliyense payekha sikumatukuka. Popeza kuti njira ya munthu payekha ndi yovuta komanso yotsutsana, anthu ambiri amasankhabe njira yomvera ku misonkhano. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe yamakono, kutsatira zikhalidwe za anthu kumakhala ndi chiwopsezo chamkati mwamunthu komanso pakutha kwake kuzolowera [18; khumi nayini].

Kotero, tawona kuti muzolemba zomwe olemba amaganizira za kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, njira za umoyo wamaganizo zimakhala zowonjezereka kusiyana ndi zomwe nkhaniyi imachotsedwa m'mabokosi.

Kodi ndi lingaliro lotani lomwe lingapangitse kuti zikhale zotheka kulingalira za chikoka cha chikhalidwe pa thanzi la maganizo a munthu? Poyankha funsoli, ife, kutsatira K. Horney, tinayesa kupeza kaye njira zodziwika bwino zamaganizidwe. Atazindikira njirazi, ndizotheka kufufuza momwe (chifukwa cha zomwe zili m'maganizo komanso chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe) munthu angathe kukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino m'mikhalidwe ya zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe chamakono. Zotsatira zina za ntchito yathu munjira iyi zidaperekedwa kale [3; 4; 5; 6; 7 ndi ena]. Apa tidzawapanga mwachidule.

Lingaliro la thanzi lamaganizidwe lomwe timapereka limachokera pakumvetsetsa kwa munthu ngati njira yovuta yodzipangira yekha, zomwe zikutanthauza chikhumbo chake cha zolinga zina ndikusintha kuzinthu zachilengedwe (kuphatikiza kuyanjana ndi dziko lakunja ndikukhazikitsa kudzikonda kwamkati). malamulo).

Timavomereza njira zinayi, kapena zizindikiro za thanzi labwino la maganizo: 1) kukhalapo kwa zolinga zamoyo watanthauzo; 2) kukwanira kwa ntchito ku zofuna za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe; 3) zinachitikira subjective bwino; 4) kuneneratu zabwino.

Mulingo woyamba - kukhalapo kwa zolinga zopanga moyo - zikuwonetsa kuti kuti munthu akhale ndi thanzi labwino m'maganizo, ndikofunikira kuti zolinga zomwe zimatsogolera ntchito yake zikhale zofunikira kwa iye, zikhale ndi tanthauzo. Pankhani ya kupulumuka mwakuthupi, zochita zomwe zili ndi tanthauzo lachilengedwe zimakhala ndi tanthauzo. Koma chofunika kwambiri kwa munthu ndi chidziwitso chaumwini cha tanthauzo la ntchito yake. Kutayika kwa tanthauzo la moyo, monga momwe tawonetsera m'mabuku a V. Frankl, kumabweretsa kukhumudwa komwe kulipo komanso logoneurosis.

Mulingo wachiwiri ndikukwanira kwa ntchitoyi pazofunikira pazachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe komanso chilengedwe. Zimazikidwa pa kufunika koti munthu azolowere moyo wa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zochita za munthu wathanzi m'maganizo pazochitika za moyo ndizokwanira, ndiko kuti, amakhalabe ndi umunthu wosinthika (wolamulidwa ndi wochita bwino) ndipo ndiwothandiza pazamoyo komanso pagulu [13, p. 297].

Mulingo wachitatu ndi zokumana nazo za umoyo wabwino. Mkhalidwe uwu wa mgwirizano wamkati, wofotokozedwa ndi afilosofi akale, Democritus wotchedwa "mkhalidwe wabwino wa maganizo." Mu psychology yamakono, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chimwemwe (ubwino). Mkhalidwe wotsutsanawo umatengedwa ngati kusagwirizana kwamkati chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa zilakolako, mphamvu ndi zomwe munthu apindula.

Pachiyerekezo chachinayi - kuneneratu zabwino - tidzakhala mwatsatanetsatane, popeza chizindikiro cha thanzi la maganizo sichinalandire kufalitsa kokwanira m'mabuku. Zimawonetsa kuthekera kwa munthu kukhalabe ndi kukwanira kwa ntchito komanso chidziwitso cha moyo wabwino mu nthawi yotakata. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kusiyanitsa ndi zisankho zopindulitsadi zomwe zimapereka mkhalidwe wokhutiritsa wa munthu pakalipano, koma zodzaza ndi zotsatira zoipa m'tsogolomu. An analogue ndi «spurring» wa thupi mothandizidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana stimulants. Kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika muzochitika kungayambitse kuwonjezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikukhala bwino. Komabe, m'tsogolomu, kuchepa kwa mphamvu za thupi sikungapeweke ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa kukana zinthu zovulaza ndi kuwonongeka kwa thanzi. Chotsatira cha ndondomeko yabwino chimapangitsa kuti timvetsetse kuwunika kolakwika kwa ntchito ya njira zodzitetezera poyerekeza ndi njira zogwirira ntchito. Njira zodzitetezera ndizowopsa chifukwa zimapanga moyo wabwino chifukwa chodzinyenga. Zitha kukhala zothandiza ngati zimateteza psyche ku zochitika zowawa kwambiri, koma zingakhalenso zovulaza ngati zitseka chiyembekezo cha chitukuko chokwanira cha munthu.

Umoyo wamaganizo mu kutanthauzira kwathu ndi khalidwe laling'ono. Ndiko kuti, titha kulankhula za mulingo umodzi kapena wina waumoyo wamaganizidwe mosalekeza kuchokera ku thanzi lathunthu mpaka kutayika kwathunthu. Mlingo wonse wa thanzi la maganizo umatsimikiziridwa ndi mlingo wa zizindikiro zonse pamwambapa. Zitha kukhala zowonjezereka kapena zosasinthasintha. Chitsanzo cha kusagwirizana ndizochitika pamene munthu amasonyeza kukwanira mu khalidwe, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo amakumana ndi mkangano wakuya wamkati.

Zomwe tazilemba za thanzi labwino m'maganizo mwathu ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Anthu okhala m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, kuti akhalebe ndi thanzi labwino m'maganizo, ayenera kukhala ndi zolinga zatanthauzo pamoyo wawo, kuchita mokwanira ndi zofunikira za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukhalabe ndi chikhalidwe chamkati, ndikuganizira za nthawi yayitali- kawonedwe ka nthawi. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe cha zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana chimakhala, makamaka, pakupanga mikhalidwe yeniyeni kuti anthu okhalamo athe kukwaniritsa izi. Tikhoza kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya zikhalidwe: zomwe malingaliro, malingaliro ndi zochita za anthu zimayendetsedwa ndi miyambo, ndi zomwe zimakhala zotsatira za luntha, malingaliro ndi thupi la munthu.

M'zikhalidwe za mtundu woyamba (woyenera "mwambo"), munthu kuyambira kubadwa adalandira pulogalamu ya moyo wake wonse. Zinaphatikizapo zolinga zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chake, jenda, zaka; malamulo okhudza ubale wake ndi anthu; njira zosinthira kuzinthu zachilengedwe; malingaliro okhudzana ndi zomwe ziyenera kukhala zabwino m'maganizo komanso momwe zingakwaniritsire. Malamulo a chikhalidwe adagwirizanitsidwa pakati pawo, ovomerezedwa ndi chipembedzo ndi mabungwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, oyenerera m'maganizo. Kuwamvera kunkachititsa munthu kukhala ndi thanzi labwino m’maganizo.

Mkhalidwe wosiyana kwambiri umachitika m'dera lomwe chikoka cha zikhalidwe zoyendetsera dziko lamkati ndi machitidwe amunthu zimafooketsedwa kwambiri. E. Durkheim anafotokoza za chikhalidwe cha anthu monga anomie ndipo anasonyeza kuopsa kwa moyo ndi khalidwe la anthu. M'ntchito za akatswiri azamakhalidwe a theka lachiwiri la XNUMX komanso zaka khumi zoyambirira za XNUMX! mu. (O. Toffler, Z. Beck, E. Bauman, P. Sztompka, etc.) zikuwonetsedwa kuti kusintha kofulumira kukuchitika m'moyo wa munthu wamakono wa Kumadzulo, kuwonjezeka kwa kusatsimikizika ndi zoopsa kumabweretsa zovuta zowonjezera kudzizindikiritsa ndi kusintha kwa munthu, zomwe zikufotokozedwa muzochitika «kugwedezeka kwa m'tsogolo», «kupwetekedwa kwa chikhalidwe» ndi zofanana zoipa.

Ndizodziwikiratu kuti kusunga thanzi labwino m'mikhalidwe yamasiku ano kumatanthauza njira yosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu: osati kumvera "misonkhano" (K.-G. Jung), koma yogwira, yodziyimira payokha yopangira njira zingapo mavuto. Tidasankha ntchito izi ngati psychohygienic.

Pakati pa ntchito zambiri za psychohygienic, timasiyanitsa mitundu itatu: kukhazikitsidwa kwa zolinga ndi zochita zomwe cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zazikulu; kutengera chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe; kudzilamulira.

M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, mavutowa amathetsedwa, monga lamulo, osati reflexively. Chisamaliro chapadera kwa iwo chimafunika muzochitika zovuta monga «zochitika zovuta pamoyo» zomwe zimafuna kukonzanso ubale wa munthu ndi dziko lakunja. Muzochitika izi, ntchito yamkati imafunika kukonza zolinga za moyo; kukhathamiritsa kwa kuyanjana ndi chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe; kuonjezera mlingo wodzilamulira.

Ndiko kuthekera kwa munthu kuthetsa mavutowa ndipo motero kugonjetsa mogwira mtima zochitika zovuta za moyo zomwe, kumbali imodzi, chizindikiro, ndipo, kumbali ina, chikhalidwe cha kusunga ndi kulimbikitsa thanzi la maganizo.

Yankho la vuto lililonse mwamabvutowa limakhudza kupanga ndi kuthetsa mavuto enaake. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera kuyika zolinga kumalumikizidwa ndikuzindikiritsa zoyendetsa zenizeni, zomwe amakonda komanso luso la munthu; pozindikira za utsogoleri wotsogolera wa zolinga; ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika pamoyo; ndi mawonekedwe akutali kwambiri. M'madera amakono, zinthu zambiri zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zovuta. Chotero, ziyembekezo za ena ndi kulingalira kwa kutchuka kaŵirikaŵiri zimalepheretsa munthu kuzindikira zikhumbo zake zenizeni ndi maluso. Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe kumafuna kuti akhale wosinthika, womasuka ku zinthu zatsopano podziwira zolinga za moyo wake. Potsirizira pake, mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya moyo si nthaŵi zonse pamene imapatsa munthu mwaŵi wa kuzindikira zokhumba zake zamkati. Chotsatiracho chimakhala makamaka cha anthu osauka, kumene munthu amakakamizika kumenyera nkhondo kuti apulumuke.

Kukhathamiritsa kwa kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe (chirengedwe, chikhalidwe, uzimu) kumatha kuchitika ngati kusintha kwachangu kwa dziko lakunja, komanso ngati kusuntha kwachidziwitso kumalo osiyanasiyana (kusintha kwanyengo, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, etc.). Zochita zogwira mtima kuti zisinthe zenizeni zakunja zimafuna njira zopangidwira zamaganizo, makamaka zaluntha, komanso chidziwitso choyenera, luso ndi luso. Amapangidwa munjira yodzipezera zochitika zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo izi zimachitika m'mbiri ya anthu komanso m'moyo wamunthu aliyense.

Pofuna kuonjezera mlingo wa kudziletsa, kuwonjezera pa luso la maganizo, kukula kwa gawo la maganizo, chidziwitso, chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kwa machitidwe a maganizo, luso ndi luso logwira ntchito ndi iwo.

Pansi pamikhalidwe yotani yomwe yankho la zovuta za psychohygienic zomwe zalembedwa lingakhale lopambana? Tinawapanga kukhala mfundo zotetezera thanzi la maganizo. Izi ndi mfundo za cholinga; kufuna kwa thanzi; kumanga pa chikhalidwe cholowa.

Choyamba ndi mfundo yoti zinthu zikhale bwino. Chofunikira chake ndikuti zisankho zomwe zapangidwa zidzakhala zopambana ngati zikugwirizana ndi momwe zinthu zilili, kuphatikizapo zinthu zenizeni za munthuyo, anthu omwe amakumana nawo, zochitika zamagulu ndipo, potsiriza, zizoloŵezi zakuya za kukhalapo. za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi munthu aliyense.

Mfundo yachiwiri, kusungirako komwe kuli kofunikira kuti pakhale njira yothetsera mavuto a psychohygienic, ndi chifuniro cha thanzi. Mfundo imeneyi imatanthawuza kuzindikira kuti thanzi ndilofunika kwambiri.

Chinthu chachitatu chofunikira kwambiri cholimbitsa thanzi la maganizo ndi mfundo yodalira miyambo ya chikhalidwe. Pachitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale, umunthu wapeza chidziwitso chachikulu pakuthana ndi mavuto a kukhazikitsa zolinga, kusintha ndi kudziletsa. Funso la m'mawonekedwe otani omwe amasungidwa ndi njira zamaganizo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito chumachi zinaganiziridwa mu ntchito zathu [4; 6; 7 ndi ena].

Ndani amene ali ndi thanzi la maganizo? Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ofufuza za zochitika zamaganizo izi amakonda kulemba za umunthu wathanzi. Pakalipano, m'malingaliro athu, ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kulingalira munthu monga munthu payekha monga chonyamulira cha thanzi la maganizo.

Lingaliro la umunthu liri ndi matanthauzo ambiri, koma choyamba limagwirizana ndi kutsimikiza kwa anthu ndi mawonetseredwe a munthu. Lingaliro la munthu payekha limakhalanso ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana. Munthu payekha amaonedwa kuti ndi wapadera wa zilakolako zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa katundu wamaganizo ndi maubwenzi a anthu, ntchito podziwa malo a moyo wa munthu, ndi zina zotero. Zamtengo wapatali pa phunziro la thanzi labwino, m'malingaliro athu, kutanthauzira kwa munthu payekha payekha. lingaliro la BG Ananiev. Munthu payekha akuwoneka pano ngati munthu wofunikira wokhala ndi dziko lake lamkati, lomwe limayang'anira kuyanjana kwa zigawo zonse za munthu ndi ubale wake ndi chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kutanthauzira koteroko kwa munthu payekha kumabweretsa kufupi ndi malingaliro a phunziro ndi umunthu, monga momwe amatanthauziridwa ndi akatswiri a maganizo a sukulu ya Moscow - AV Brushlinsky, KA Abulkhanova, LI Antsyferova ndi ena. phunziro mwakhama kuchita ndi kusintha moyo wake, koma mu chidzalo cha chilengedwe chake chamoyo, katswiri chidziwitso, anapanga luso, maudindo chikhalidwe. “… Munthu wosakwatiwa monga munthu payekha angamvedwe ngati umodzi ndi kulumikizana kwa zinthu zake monga umunthu ndi mutu wa zochitika, mu kapangidwe kake komwe zikhalidwe za munthu monga munthu payekha zimagwirira ntchito. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, umunthu ukhoza kumveka pokhapokha pa chikhalidwe chathunthu cha makhalidwe aumunthu "[1, p. 334]. Kumvetsetsa kwaumwini kumeneku kukuwoneka kukhala kopindulitsa kwambiri osati kokha pa kafukufuku wamaphunziro, komanso pazochitika zenizeni, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu enieni kuzindikira zomwe angathe, kukhazikitsa ubale wabwino ndi dziko lapansi, ndi kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wamkati.

Ndizodziwikiratu kuti zinthu zomwe zimakhala zapadera kwa munthu aliyense payekha, umunthu ndi mutu wa zochitika zimapanga mikhalidwe yapadera komanso zofunika pakuthana ndi ntchito zama psychohygienic zomwe zalembedwa pamwambapa.

Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mbali za biochemistry ya ubongo, zomwe zimadziwika ndi munthu payekha, zimakhudza zochitika zake zamaganizo. Ntchito yothandiza kuti munthu azitha kuzindikira bwino akhale osiyana ndi munthu amene mahomoni omwe mahomoni omwe amapereka mawonekedwe okwezeka, kuchokera kwa omwe amakonzedwa ndi mahomoni kuti amve zokhumudwitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, ma biochemical agents m'thupi amatha kupititsa patsogolo kuyendetsa, kulimbikitsa kapena kuletsa njira zamaganizidwe zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikusintha komanso kudziletsa.

Umunthu mu kutanthauzira kwa Ananiev, choyamba, nawo pa moyo wapagulu; zimatsimikiziridwa ndi maudindo a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malingaliro amtengo wapatali omwe amagwirizana ndi maudindowa. Makhalidwewa amapangitsa kuti pakhale zofunikira kuti tithe kusintha bwino kapena kucheperachepera ku chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Chidziwitso (monga chiwonetsero cha zenizeni zenizeni) ndi ntchito (monga kusintha kwa zenizeni), komanso chidziwitso chofananira ndi luso, malinga ndi Ananiev, munthu ngati mutu wa ntchito [2, c.147]. Zikuwonekeratu kuti zinthu izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusunga ndi kulimbitsa thanzi lamalingaliro. Sangotilola kuti timvetsetse zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zomwe zachitika, komanso kupeza njira zothetsera mavutowo.

Komabe, onani kuti Ananiev analemba za munthu payekha osati monga zokhudza zonse umphumphu, koma anautcha wapadera, wachinayi, substructure wa munthu - dziko lamkati, kuphatikizapo subjectively bungwe zithunzi ndi mfundo, munthu kudzidalira, munthu dongosolo la munthu. mtengo orientations. Mosiyana ndi zigawo za munthu, umunthu ndi mutu wa zochitika "zotseguka" ku dziko lachirengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, umunthu ndi dongosolo lotsekedwa, "lophatikizidwa" mu dongosolo lotseguka la mgwirizano ndi dziko. Munthu payekha monga chatsekedwa dongosolo akufotokozera «ubale wina pakati pa zilakolako za anthu ndi kuthekera, kudzikonda ndi «Ine» — phata la umunthu» [1, p. 328].

Chilichonse cha zigawozo ndi munthu monga umphumphu wa dongosolo amadziwika ndi kusagwirizana kwamkati. "... Mapangidwe a munthu payekha komanso mayendedwe ogwirizana a chitukuko cha munthu, umunthu ndi mutu mu dongosolo lonse la munthu wotsimikiziridwa ndi izo zimakhazikitsa dongosolo ili ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za moyo wautali ndi moyo wautali" [2, p. . 189]. Choncho, ndi munthu payekha (monga gawo linalake, dziko lamkati la munthu) lomwe limagwira ntchito zomwe zimafuna kusunga ndi kulimbikitsa thanzi laumunthu.

Komabe, onani kuti sizili choncho nthawi zonse. Ngati thanzi la maganizo silili lofunika kwambiri kwa munthu, akhoza kupanga zosankha zopanda phindu kuchokera kumaganizo a ukhondo wamaganizo. Kupepesa chifukwa cha kuvutika monga mkhalidwe wa ntchito ya wolemba ndakatulo kumapezeka m’mawu oyamba a m’buku la ndakatulo la M. Houellebecq, lakuti “Kuvutika Choyamba”: “Moyo ndi mndandanda wa mayesero amphamvu. Pulumuka choyamba, kudulidwa pa otsiriza. Tayani moyo wanu, koma osati kwathunthu. Ndipo kuvutika, nthawi zonse kuvutika. Phunzirani kumva ululu mu selo lililonse la thupi lanu. Chigawo chilichonse cha dziko lapansi chiyenera kukupwetekani inuyo panokha. Koma muyenera kukhala ndi moyo - osachepera kwa kanthawi» [15, p. khumi ndi zitatu].

Pomaliza, tiyeni tibwerere ku dzina la chodabwitsa chomwe tikufuna: «umoyo wamaganizidwe». Zikuwoneka kuti ndizokwanira kwambiri pano, chifukwa ndi lingaliro la moyo lomwe limakhala lolingana ndi zomwe munthu wadziko lake lamkati ndiye maziko amunthu payekha. Mawu akuti "moyo", malinga ndi AF Losev, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu filosofi kutanthauza dziko lamkati la munthu, kudzidalira kwake [10, p. 167]. Timapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofanana kwa lingaliro ili mu psychology. Chotero, W. Yakobo akulemba ponena za moyo kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri, chimene chimadziwonetsera wokha m’malingaliro a ntchito ya mkati ya munthu. Kumverera kwa ntchito, malinga ndi James, ndi «pakati, pakatikati pa «Ine» [8, p. 86].

M'zaka zaposachedwa, lingaliro lenileni la "moyo" ndi mawonekedwe ake ofunikira, malo, ndi ntchito zakhala mutu wa kafukufuku wamaphunziro. Lingaliro lomwe lili pamwambapa la thanzi lamaganizidwe limagwirizana ndi njira yomvetsetsa mzimu, yopangidwa ndi VP Zinchenko. Amalemba za moyo ngati mtundu wa mphamvu ya mphamvu, kukonzekera kulengedwa kwa ziwalo zatsopano zogwira ntchito (malinga ndi AA Ukhtomsky), kuvomereza, kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zawo, kudziwonetsera mochuluka kwambiri panthawi yomweyo. Ndi ntchito iyi ya moyo, monga momwe VP Zinchenko akusonyezera, kuti "kukhulupirika kwa munthu wofunidwa ndi asayansi ndi akatswiri ojambula kumabisika" [9, p. 153]. Zikuwoneka zachibadwa kuti lingaliro la moyo ndi limodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri m'ntchito za akatswiri omwe amamvetsetsa ndondomeko ya chithandizo chamaganizo kwa anthu omwe akukumana ndi mikangano yamkati.

Njira yomwe ikufunsidwa yophunzirira za umoyo wamaganizo imatilola kuti tiganizire mozama za chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa chakuti imatengera njira zapadziko lonse zomwe zimapereka chitsogozo chodziwira zomwe zili mu chikhalidwe cha munthu. Mndandanda wa ntchito za psychohygienic zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka, kumbali imodzi, kufufuza mikhalidwe yosungira ndi kulimbikitsa thanzi la maganizo pazochitika zina zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo kumbali ina, kusanthula momwe munthu wina amadzikhazikitsira yekha ndikuthetsa ntchitozi. Kulankhula za munthu payekha monga chonyamulira cha thanzi la maganizo, timasonyeza kufunika kuganizira, pamene tikuphunzira mmene panopa ndi mphamvu ya thanzi la maganizo, katundu wa munthu monga munthu, umunthu ndi mutu wa ntchito, amene amalamulidwa ndi dziko lake lamkati. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njirayi kumaphatikizapo kuphatikiza deta kuchokera ku sayansi yambiri yachilengedwe ndi anthu. Komabe, kuphatikizika koteroko nkosapeŵeka ngati titi timvetsetse mkhalidwe wolinganizidwa bwino kwambiri wa munthu monga thanzi lake la maganizo.

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