Tiyeni tipange chiganizo chodziwika bwino komanso chofunikira kwambiri kuchokera ku zomwe zanenedwa: umunthu sizomwe munthu amadziwa komanso zomwe amaphunzitsidwa monga momwe amaonera dziko lapansi, kwa anthu, kwa iyemwini, kuchuluka kwa zilakolako ndi zolinga. Pachifukwa ichi chokha, ntchito yopititsa patsogolo mapangidwe aumunthu sangathe kuthetsedwa mofanana ndi ntchito yophunzitsa (nthawi zonse pedagogy yakhala ikuchimwa). Tikufuna njira ina. Mwaona. Kuti tifotokoze mwachidule za msinkhu wa umunthu-semantic wa umunthu, tiyeni titembenuzire ku lingaliro la umunthu. Mu dikishonale «Psychology» (1990) timawerenga kuti: "Personality yodziwika ndi orientation - dongosolo pang'onopang'ono lalikulu la zolinga - zokonda, zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, zokonda, etc., momwe zosowa zaumunthu zimadziwonetsera: zozama za semantic (« dynamic semantic systems», malinga ndi LS Vygotsky), zomwe zimatsimikizira kuzindikira kwake ndi khalidwe lake, zimakhala zosagwirizana ndi zolankhula ndipo zimasinthidwa muzochitika zamagulu (mfundo yogwirizanitsa ntchito), kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha ubale wawo ndi zenizeni. : maganizo (malinga ndi VN Myasishchev), maganizo (malinga ndi DN Uznadze ndi ena), makhalidwe (malinga ndi VA Yadov). Munthu wotukuka amakhala ndi chidwi chodzikuza…”
- maziko a umunthu, zomwe zili pamunthu-semantic ndizokhazikika ndipo zimatsimikizira kuzindikira ndi khalidwe la munthu;
- njira yaikulu ya chikoka pa nkhaniyi, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro palokha ndi, choyamba, kutenga nawo mbali munthu mu ntchito olowa gulu, pamene pakamwa mitundu ya chikoka ndi mfundo osathandiza;
- Chimodzi mwazochita za umunthu wotukuka ndikumvetsetsa, makamaka m'mawu oyambira, zamunthu komanso zomwe zili mkati mwake. Munthu wosatukuka mwina sadziwa zake «Ine», kapena sakuganiza za izo.
Mu ndime 1, kwenikweni, tikukamba za kuzindikiridwa LI Bozhovich mkati udindo, khalidwe la munthu poyerekezera ndi chikhalidwe chikhalidwe ndi munthu zinthu za chikhalidwe chikhalidwe. GM Andreeva akulozera ku kuvomerezeka kwa kuzindikira lingaliro la umunthu wa umunthu ndi lingaliro la predisposition, lomwe liri lofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pozindikira kugwirizana kwa mfundozi ndi lingaliro la tanthawuzo laumwini AN Leontiev ndi ntchito za AG Asmolov ndi MA Kovalchuk, odzipereka ku chikhalidwe cha anthu monga tanthauzo laumwini, GM Andreeva akulemba kuti: "Kukonzekera kotereku sikumapatula Lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri zamaganizo, komanso malingaliro a "maganizo" ndi "zotengera za umunthu". M'malo mwake, malingaliro onse omwe akuganiziridwa pano amatsimikizira kuyenera kukhalapo kwa lingaliro la "makhalidwe a anthu" mu psychology wamba, pomwe tsopano likugwirizana ndi lingaliro la "malingaliro" m'lingaliro lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa kusukulu ya DN. Uznadze” (Andreeva GM Social psychology. M., 1998. P. 290).
Kuti tifotokoze mwachidule zomwe zanenedwa, mawu akuti kulera amadetsa nkhawa, choyamba, kupangidwa kwazinthu zamunthu-zogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a zolinga za moyo, zomwe zikuyenda bwino, zomwe amakonda ndi zomwe sakonda. Choncho, maphunziro mwachiwonekere amasiyana ndi maphunziro, omwe amachokera ku zotsatira za zochitika za munthu payekha. Maphunziro osadalira zolinga zopangidwa ndi maphunziro ndi osagwira ntchito. Ngati kukakamiza, kupikisana, ndi malingaliro amawu ndizovomerezeka pazifukwa zamaphunziro nthawi zina, ndiye kuti njira zina zimakhudzidwa ndi maphunziro. Mutha kukakamiza mwana kuphunzira tebulo lochulukitsa, koma simungathe kumukakamiza kuti azikonda masamu. Mukhoza kuwakakamiza kukhala chete m’kalasi, koma kuwakakamiza kukhala okoma mtima n’kosatheka. Kuti akwaniritse zolingazi, njira yosiyana ya chikoka imafunika: kuphatikizika kwa wachinyamata (mwana, wachinyamata, mnyamata, mtsikana) muzochita zamagulu a anzawo omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi mphunzitsi-wophunzitsa. Ndikofunika kukumbukira: sikuti ntchito zonse ndizochita. Ntchito imathanso kuchitika pamlingo wokakamiza. Pamenepa, cholinga cha ntchitoyi sichigwirizana ndi mutu wake, monga mwambi wakuti: "osachepera chitsa, kungokhala tsiku lonse." Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za gulu la ophunzira akuyeretsa pabwalo la sukulu. Izi sizitanthauza kuti ndi "ntchito". Zidzakhala ngati anyamata akufuna kuyika bwalo, ngati adasonkhana mwaufulu ndikukonzekera zochita zawo, kugawa maudindo, ntchito yokonzekera ndikuganizira dongosolo lolamulira. Pachifukwa ichi, cholinga cha ntchitoyi - chikhumbo chokhazikitsa bwalo - ndicho cholinga chachikulu cha ntchitoyi, ndipo zochita zonse (zokonzekera, bungwe) zimapeza tanthauzo laumwini (ndikufuna, choncho, ndikuchita). Sikuti gulu lililonse limatha kuchitapo kanthu, koma limodzi lokha pomwe maubwenzi ndi mgwirizano amakhalapo pang'ono.
Chitsanzo chachiwiri: ana asukulu anaitanidwa kwa wotsogolera ndipo, poopa mavuto aakulu, analamulidwa kuyeretsa bwalo. Uwu ndiye mulingo wa zochita. Chilichonse cha zinthu zake chimachitidwa mokakamizidwa, zopanda tanthauzo laumwini. Anyamata amakakamizika kutenga chida ndikunamizira osati ntchito. Ana asukulu amakonda kuchita maopaleshoni ochepa, koma nthawi yomweyo amafuna kupewa chilango. Mu chitsanzo choyamba, aliyense wa omwe akuchita nawo ntchitoyi amakhalabe wokhutira ndi ntchito yabwino - umu ndi momwe njerwa ina imayikidwa pa maziko a munthu amene amatenga nawo mbali pa ntchito zothandiza. Mlandu wachiwiri subweretsa zotsatira, kupatula, mwina, bwalo loyeretsedwa moyipa. Ana asukuluwo anayiwala za kutenga nawo mbali m'mbuyomu, atasiya mafosholo, ma rake ndi whisk, ndikuthamangira kwawo.
Timakhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha umunthu wachinyamata pansi pa zochitika zamagulu chimaphatikizapo magawo otsatirawa.
- Mapangidwe a malingaliro abwino pakuchita ntchito ya pro-social monga chinthu chofunikira komanso kuyembekezera zabwino zomwe ali nazo pa izi, zolimbikitsidwa ndi malingaliro a gulu ndi udindo wa mtsogoleri wamalingaliro - mtsogoleri (mphunzitsi).
- Kupanga maganizo a semantic ndi tanthawuzo laumwini pamaziko a maganizo awa (kudzitsimikizira ndi zochita zabwino komanso kukonzekera kwa iwo ngati njira yodzitsimikizira).
- Kupanga cholinga cha ntchito zothandiza anthu monga tanthawuzo, kulimbikitsa kudzitsimikizira, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zokhudzana ndi zaka zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukhala ngati njira yodzipangira ulemu mwa kulemekeza ena.
- Mapangidwe a semantic disposition — woyamba pa-ntchito semantic dongosolo kuti ali ndi transsituational katundu, mwachitsanzo, luso mopanda dyera kusamalira anthu (munthu khalidwe), zochokera ambiri maganizo abwino kwa iwo (umunthu). Izi, kwenikweni, ndiye malo amoyo - momwe munthu amayendera.
- Kupanga kamangidwe ka semantic. Pakumvetsetsa kwathu, uku ndiko kuzindikira za malo a moyo wa munthu pakati pa maudindo ena a moyo.
- "Ndi lingaliro lomwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito kugawa zochitika ndikusintha zomwe zikuchitika. (…) Munthu amakumana ndi zochitika, kuzimasulira, kuzipanga ndikuzipatsa matanthauzo”19. (19 First L., John O. Psychology of Personality. M., 2000. P. 384). Kuchokera pakupanga mapangidwe a semantic, m'malingaliro athu, kumvetsetsa kwa munthu ngati munthu kumayambira. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika muunyamata wachikulire ndikusintha kupita ku unyamata.
- Chotsatira cha njirayi ndikupangidwa kwa zikhalidwe zaumwini monga maziko opangira mfundo zamakhalidwe ndi maubale omwe amakhalapo mwa munthu. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu chikumbumtima cha phunziro mu mawonekedwe a mtengo orientations, pa maziko amene munthu amasankha zolinga za moyo wake ndi njira kutsogolera kukwaniritsa awo. Gululi limaphatikizaponso lingaliro la tanthauzo la moyo. The ndondomeko mapangidwe maudindo moyo ndi orientation mtengo wa munthu yodziwika ndi ife pa maziko a chitsanzo akufuna DA Leontiev (mkuyu. 1). Pothirira ndemanga pa izi, akulemba kuti: "Monga motsatira ndondomekoyi, zisonkhezero zolembedwa mwachidziwitso pa chidziwitso ndi zochitika zimangokhala ndi matanthauzo aumwini ndi malingaliro a semantic a ntchito inayake, yomwe imapangidwa ndi cholinga cha ntchitoyi komanso mapangidwe okhazikika a semantic makhalidwe a umunthu. Zolinga, mapangidwe a semantic ndi machitidwe amapanga mulingo wachiwiri wotsogola wa malamulo a semantic. Mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wamalamulo a semantic umapangidwa ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimakhala zopanga tanthauzo molingana ndi zida zina zonse ”(Leontiev DA Magawo atatu atanthauzo // Miyambo ndi chiyembekezo cha zochitika mu psychology. School of AN Leontiev. M. ., 1999. P. 314 -315).
Zingakhale zomveka kunena kuti pakupanga umunthu wa ontogenesis, kukwera kwa mapangidwe a semantic kumachitika makamaka, kuyambira ndi malingaliro azinthu zamagulu, ndiye - mapangidwe a malingaliro a semantic (chiyambi cha ntchito) ndi umunthu wake. tanthauzo. Kupitilira apo, pamlingo wachiwiri wamagawo, mapangidwe a zolinga, mawonekedwe a semantic ndikumanga ndi ntchito mopitilira muyeso, katundu wamunthu ndizotheka. Pazifukwa izi ndizotheka kupanga malingaliro amtengo wapatali. Munthu wokhwima amatha kutsika pansi pamapangidwe ake: kuchokera kuzinthu zomanga ndi zomangika, kuchokera kwa iwo kupita ku zolinga zopanga malingaliro, kenako kumalingaliro a semantic, tanthauzo lantchito inayake ndi maubale okhudzana nawo.
Pogwirizana ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, tikuona kuti: akulu, njira imodzi kapena ina polumikizana ndi achichepere, ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti mapangidwe a umunthu amayamba ndi malingaliro ake a ubale wa ena ofunika. M'tsogolomu, maubwenzi awa amasinthidwa kukhala kufunitsitsa kuchitapo kanthu: kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu mu semantic version yake (pre-motive), ndiyeno mu lingaliro laumwini la ntchito yomwe ikubwera, yomwe pamapeto pake imayambitsa zolinga zake. . Tanena kale za chisonkhezero cha umunthu. Koma ziyenera kutsindikanso kuti chirichonse chimayamba ndi maubwenzi aumunthu kuchokera kwa omwe ali ofunika - kwa iwo omwe amafunikira maubwenzi awa.
Tsoka ilo, sizongochitika mwangozi kuti m'masukulu ambiri akusekondale, kuphunzira sikukhala chinthu chopanga umunthu wa ana asukulu. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, maphunziro a kusukulu amamangidwa ngati ntchito yokakamiza, ndipo tanthauzo lake silidziwika kwa ana ambiri. Kachiwiri, bungwe la maphunziro mu masiku misa ambiri maphunziro sukulu saganizira makhalidwe maganizo a ana a sukulu. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kwa achichepere, achinyamata, ndi ophunzira akusekondale. Ngakhale wophunzira woyamba, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ichi, amataya chidwi pambuyo pa miyezi yoyamba, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale masabata a makalasi, ndipo amayamba kuona kuti kuphunzira ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri. M'munsimu tidzabwereranso ku vutoli, ndipo tsopano tikuwona kuti m'mikhalidwe yamakono, ndi bungwe lachikhalidwe la maphunziro, kuphunzira sikuyimira chithandizo chamaganizo cha maphunziro, choncho, kuti apange umunthu, zimakhala zofunikira. kukonza zochita zina.
Kodi zolinga izi ndi ziti?
Kutsatira malingaliro a ntchitoyi, ndikofunikira kuti musadalire pamikhalidwe yeniyeni, osatinso maubwenzi omwe akuyenera kukhala "moyenera", koma pang'ono, koma malingaliro okhazikika amalingaliro ndi kulumikizana kwa zolinga, ndi china chilichonse munthu. , kutengera malingaliro awa, ndidzakulitsa ndekha. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi za momwe munthu amayendera.