Pa zododometsa za ndondomeko kudziona actualization umunthu

​​“​“​â€Lofalitsidwa ndi: MOTKOV OI Pa zododometsa za ndondomeko yodziwonetsera umunthu / Master. 1995, no. 6, p. 84-95

Ndemanga - Njira yoyamba yophunzirira kudzizindikira kwa munthu ndi mgwirizano imaperekedwa. Zikuwonetseredwa kuti kulinganiza koyenera pakati pa kupambana ndi kukwanilitsa mgwirizano ndikofunikira kuti munthu akule bwino.

Mlengi wa chiphunzitso cha kudziwonetsera yekha kwa umunthu A. Maslow amatanthauzira kufunikira kodziwonetsera ngati "chikhumbo cha munthu kuti akwaniritse yekha" (23, p. 92). Munthu ayenera kukhala chomwe angakhoze kukhala: woimba ayenera kupanga nyimbo, wojambula ayenera kujambula. "KOMA. Maslow adatcha umunthu wodziwonetsera okha omwe amakhala ndi moyo mokwanira, okwanira kuposa munthu wamba. Ndi za ... kutha kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe munthu ali nazo mkati mwake» (21, p. XNUMX).

Mawu akuti "kudzikonda" adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi K. Goldstein. Maslow ankaona kuti kudziona ngati kutha, komanso ngati njira yodziwira ndi kuzindikira zomwe munthu angathe kuchita. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti «munthu nthawi zonse amafuna kukhala woyamba kalasi kapena zabwino monga iye angakhoze kukhala» (13, p. 113). Tikuwona kuti Maslow amayang'ana kwambiri kudziwonetsa pazochita zapamwamba kwambiri, kuchuluka komwe kumakhala komwe munthu atha kukhala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti adachita maphunziro a mbiri ya anthu okalamba omwe adachita bwino kwambiri m'munda wawo wosankhidwa - Einstein, Thoreau, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, W. James, Whitman, etc. Anaphunzira makhalidwe a umunthu wa «wokongola, wathanzi, wamphamvu, anthu olenga, abwino, ozindikira” (ibid., p. 109). Awa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba chodziwonetsera okha. Amadziwika ndi zinthu monga kuyang'ana pamasiku ano, malo olamulira mkati, kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kukula ndi makhalidwe auzimu, kudzidalira, kulolerana, kudziyimira pawokha komanso kudziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku chilengedwe, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi anthu onse, machitidwe amphamvu amalonda, chiyembekezo, zikhalidwe zokhazikika zamakhalidwe amkati, demokalase mu maubwenzi, kukhalapo kwa malo apamtima omwe amaphatikizapo anthu ochepa apamtima, zojambulajambula, zotsutsa zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chawo (nthawi zambiri amadzipeza kuti ali olekanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chomwe savomereza) , kuvomereza kwakukulu ndi kuvomereza ena (20, p. 114; 5, p. .359).

M'nkhani ino, chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa ku zaka ndi chikhalidwe cha umunthu wodziwonetsera. “Sitikudziwabe kuti deta yathu ingagwire ntchito bwanji kwa achinyamata. Sitikudziwa zomwe kudzikuza kumatanthauza mu zikhalidwe zina…” (13, p. 109). Ndipo kuonjezera apo: «... achinyamata amavutika ndi kusowa kwa kudzikonda komanso kuchita manyazi kwambiri ndi kudzikuza» (ibid., p. 112). "Ndizokhazokha paunyamata kuti mbali zina za kudzipangitsa kukhala zofunika kwambiri, zomwe, zabwino kwambiri, zikhoza kuzindikirika kale pakukula" (20, p. 113).

Tinachita kafukufuku wa digiri ya mgwirizano mu umunthu wa ophunzira a kusekondale ndi ophunzira nzeru za Russian Open University. Pankhani ya ophunzira a giredi 10 a Moscow gymnasium, idaphatikizaponso kudziwa momwe munthu amadziwira yekha. Mu psychology yapakhomo, aka ndi kafukufuku woyamba wodziwonetsa okha kwa ophunzira aku sekondale. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso chodabwitsa chinali chakuti zochitika za kusagwirizana kwaumwini zinapezeka mwa ophunzira omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba chodziwonetsera okha. Lingaliro la Maslow limafotokoza umunthu wodzipangitsa kukhala wogwirizana, wokhazikika mwa iwo okha komanso ndi chilengedwe chakunja, monga anthu omwe ali ndi chitukuko chachikulu. Sitinawone izi mwa ana athu akusekondale. Nkhaniyi yaperekedwa pakuwunika kwa zotsatira za phunziro lathu, zomwe zimayambitsa kusalinganika kwamkati ndi kunja kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi zochitika zenizeni.

Tisanapitirire kusanthula, tikufotokozera mwachidule mfundo zamaganizo zomwe kuyesa kwathu kumachokera.

Umunthu mu nkhaniyi umamveka m'njira yotakata ngati gawo lolimbikitsa la psyche yaumunthu. Anthu amabadwa ndipo amakhala. Kuthekera koyambirira, kwachilengedwe kwa munthu kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta ndipo kumaphatikizapo zigawo zitatu zogwirizana: zokhumba za meta (zosowa), kuthekera kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe (onani mkuyu 1).

kuthekera kwachilengedwe ndi chimango cha umunthu, chomwe pa nthawi ya moyo chimapeza zipolopolo zatsopano: I-zothekera mu mawonekedwe a II mfundo, I-Inu ndi I-We mfundo (maubwenzi ndi micro- ndi macrosociety), I-Earth chilengedwe ndi I. -Maganizo a dziko. Kuphatikiza apo, pamalire ndi maiko akunja ndi amunthu, pali kusanjikiza kwamunthu payekha. Pazonse, umunthu uli ndi kuthekera kwachilengedwe, I-zotheka komanso chotchinga chomwe chimangokhudza zolinga "zakanthawi".

Zokhumba zinayi zazikuluzikulu zagawidwa mu -

chosinthira choyambirira:

Ine—ku kusungidwa ndi kupitiriza kwa moyo—ku chiwonongeko, imfa;

II - ku mphamvu ya umunthu (chidaliro ndi kudzidalira kwakukulu) - kufooka kwa umunthu (kusatsimikizika, kudzidalira);

chosinthira chachiwiri:

III - ku ufulu, kudzidalira - kusowa ufulu, kudalira ena;

IV - kukulitsa, kudzizindikira, kudzipanga - kukhala chizolowezi, stereotyped magwiridwe.

Zizolowezi zamakhalidwe zikuphatikizapo zigawo zolimbikitsa za khalidwe ndi makhalidwe. Makhalidwe amakhwima pofika zaka 15-16 ndipo pamlingo wina wake amatha kuphunzira ndi kudziphunzitsa; amawongolera, amapatsa munthu njira yoyendetsera njira zoyambira ndi zina zonse zolimbikitsa. Zolimbikitsa zachikhalidwe zimagwira ntchito yomweyo.

Zolimbikitsa zachikhalidwe - awa ndi makhalidwe oyambirira - zachiwerewere, zokongoletsa - zosawoneka bwino, zachidziwitso - zosazindikira, zowongolera maganizo - zosagwirizana ndi psycho-regulatory, body regulatory - non-corporeal-regulatory maubale a umunthu. Pamaziko awo, mfundo zimapangidwa, kuphatikizapo zauzimu.

Zolimbikitsa zonse zamunthu ndizo polar chikhalidwe. Zokhumba zabwino ndi zoipa ndi zizolowezi zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 1 yokhala ndi "+" ndi "-" zizindikiro. Zizindikiro izi zikuwonetsa zilakolako zotsutsana. Iwo akhoza kuwunikidwa kuchokera mbali zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chikhumbo ichi chimathandizira kapena sichikuthandizira kusintha kwamkati ndi kunja kwa umunthu, kudzizindikira. Zokhumba zonse ndi zizolowezi zili mu kuthekera, kapena zenizeni (zokonzeka kukhazikitsidwa), kapena muzochitika zenizeni. Pachiyambi choyamba, chikhumbo chotheka chimamasuliridwa kukhala chenicheni.

Ndi chikhumbo choyambirira cha IV (chitukuko, kudziwonetsera nokha), dongosolo lomwe linaperekedwa poyamba limalumikizidwanso mkati cholinga cha moyo munthu. Imayang'ana chitukuko pazochitika zina. Ndiko kuti, ndi modulator ya ndondomeko kudziona munthu. Nthawi zambiri dongosololi limakhala lobisika ndipo limafuna khama kuti lizidzilamulira, kuzindikira. Tanthauzo la miyoyo ya anthu lagona pakudzikwaniritsa kogwirizana kwa zolinga za moyo wawo.

Zigawo zonse za umunthu wofunikira, ndipo tidzakambirana poyamba, zimathandizira pa chitukuko. Komabe, zigawozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana, zopanda malire, zotsutsana mwa iwo okha komanso pakati pawo. Ntchito yapadera yachitukuko, yodziwonetsera yokha ndi «psychosynthesis» ya zigawo zonse za umunthu pakati pawo, kuphatikiza kwawo mu kukhulupirika konse. Pali miyeso yabwino kwambiri ya zolimbikitsa zosiyanasiyana kwa munthu wopatsidwa. Dongosolo la mkati mulingo woyenera miyeso ya umunthu amalenga mgwirizano wamkati (19, etc.).

Kulinganiza koyenera kwa umunthu kungakhazikitsidwenso ndi malo omwe umunthu umakhala ndi machitidwe. Chotero mgwirizano wakunja umunthu womwewo umakula muubwenzi wake ndi psyche wamkulu (maluso, malingaliro), ndi thupi, ndi micro-macro-society, ndi zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo zapadziko lapansi, ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za Cosmos, mfundo zazikulu za kukhala. Njira yokhazikitsira miyeso yoyenera mkati mwa umunthu ndi mbali za chilengedwe chake idzatchedwa kugwirizanitsa umunthu. Chotsatira cha ndondomekoyi ndi mlingo wina wa mgwirizano wa umunthu. Mkati mogwirizana, kugwirizana ndi wekha amasonyezedwa mu mulingo woyenera kwambiri miyeso ya zoipa ndi zabwino zofunika zokhumba, chosinthika pulayimale ndi sekondale zokhumba, mulingo woyenera kwambiri intercomponent ziŵerengero, etc. Komanso, anafotokoza mulingo woyenera kwambiri maganizo, maganizo zinachitikira. Kugwirizana kwakunja kumawonekera mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa kukwaniritsidwa kwa zolinga, m'moyo wabwino komanso magwiridwe antchito.

Funso lovomerezeka likubuka: ndi chiyani muyezo wa mgwirizano ndi optimality maubale amkati ndi akunja, kugwirizana kwa umunthu? Njira zingapo zadziwika:

1. mgwirizano - pang'ono pamwamba avareji digiri ya kusakanikirana, kukhulupirika kwa umunthu (mkati ndi kunja kusakanikirana anatsimikiza ndi chiŵerengero cha mulingo woyenera kwambiri ndi sanali mulingo woyenera miyeso mu zigawo zikuluzikulu za umunthu, mu moyo ndi kudzizindikira);
2. kukwanilitsa: kuwonetsetsa kuti chitukuko chikhale chokhalitsa komanso chokhazikika, chifukwa chitukuko chokhacho chingapange mikhalidwe yopititsa patsogolo mphamvu zonse zachilengedwe za munthu, dongosolo lonse la moyo wake (muyenera kumvera malamulo a Kukwaniritsidwa kokhazikika kwa zolinga za munthu munthawi yake komanso lamulo la kukula kwa heterochrony - kusasitsa kwa zaka zosagwirizana ndi zomwe zingatheke komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwawo kosagwirizana; chifukwa chake, chitukuko ndikudziunjikira kwa zosinthika zamunthu payekha, kuwonjezereka kogwirizana ndi izi, zovuta. , kukhulupirika kwa dongosolo la machitidwe a khalidwe, kusokonezeka ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa ntchito, kuwonjezeka, ndi chitukuko chogwirizana, nzeru za moyo);
3. kukhazikika kokhazikika kwa mawu abwino amalingaliro, thanzi labwino, zokumana nazo zabwino;
4. okwera pang'ono kuposa kukhutira kwapakati pa moyo wawo (udindo m'banja, kuntchito, moyo wonse);
5. Kukhalapo kwa zikhalidwe zabwino zambiri zachikhalidwe kuchokera pazikhalidwe zoyambira (kuphatikiza zauzimu) komanso zinthu zambiri zofunikira zomwe zimapanga moyo wabwino.

Ife, monga A. Maslow, S. Buhler, K. Rogers, K. Horney, R. Assagioli ndi ena, timalingalira kudzizindikira, kudziwonetsera tokha cholinga cha moyo wa munthu monga gawo lalikulu la chitukuko cha umunthu. Komabe, ngati Maslow angoyang'ana malingaliro ake odziwonetsera yekha pazomwe achita bwino kwambiri, ndiye kuti timaganizira izi zomwe zitha kusokoneza umunthu ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kukwaniritsa mgwirizano m'moyo wamunthu, kukula kwake. Mpikisano wofuna kuchita bwino kwambiri nthawi zambiri umapangitsa njira yodziwonetsera kukhala mbali imodzi, kufooketsa moyo, ndipo kungayambitse kupsinjika kwanthawi zonse, kusweka kwamanjenje, ndi matenda amtima.

Kuyenda mu lingaliro la umunthu wa chilengedwe kunali kofunikira kuti zotsatira za phunziro lathu zikhale zomveka. Maphunzirowa anali a giredi khumi a sukulu yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi No. 1256 ku Moscow, anthu 27. Njira zoyambirira zidagwiritsidwa ntchito: "Zokhumba zoyambira", "Moyo wamunthu", komanso kuyesa kwa Mini-mult (kuzindikira mkhalidwe wamalingaliro ndi mawonekedwe), mayeso a CAT self-actualization (zosiyana za MV Zagik ndi L.Ya) . Gozman - mafunso 108) , Kudziwa (10 makhalidwe a ine), njira ya «Socio-maganizo regulatory pachimake umunthu» - «ANABWINO» Yu.A. Mislavsky, kafukufuku wokhudza zochitika za chidzalo ndi mgwirizano wa moyo, mayeso a psychogeometric S. Dellinger. Njira zimalola kuzindikira mikhalidwe ya kuthekera kwachilengedwe kwa munthu - zokhumba zoyambira, kuthekera kwamunthu; makhalidwe a chikhalidwe-chikhalidwe pachimake cha umunthu; I-malingaliro; zizindikiro zonse zodziwonetsera nokha ndi moyo; zokumana nazo zamalingaliro.

Zizindikiro za mgwirizano zilipo mu njira «Basic zokhumba», «Moyo wa munthu», ndi Mini-katuni mayeso. Kutsimikiza kwawo kumathekanso m'njira zina.

Kuphatikiza pa data yoyeserera, deta idasonkhanitsidwa pazomwe ophunzira akupita, pazokonda zawo, makalasi ozungulira, magawo, ma studio, ndi zina zambiri.

Hypothesis

Hypothesis wa phunziro lathu anali kuti mgwirizano wa chitukuko umunthu umasewera palibe zochepa, ndipo mwina udindo waukulu pa moyo wa munthu, mu ndondomeko ya kudziona actualization, kuposa chikhumbo cha kupambana kwapamwamba ndi zopambana izi okha, kuposa ntchito luso munthu. "momveka bwino" (21, 1966).

njira

Ndikufuna kunena makamaka za njira ya CAT - kuyesa kudziyesa nokha mu mtundu wa MV Zagik (9). Uku ndikusintha kwapakhomo kwa mayeso akale a POI - Mafunso Okhudza Munthu, opangidwa ndi wophunzira wa Abraham Maslow Everett Shostrom m'zaka za m'ma 60s. Onse CAT ndi POI atsimikiziridwa ndipo apezeka kuti ndi odalirika kwambiri. CAT yakhazikitsidwanso pa zitsanzo za nzika zaku Soviet. Palinso kusinthidwa kwa POI yofalitsidwa ndi L.Ya. Gozman ndi M. Kroz ndi kuwonjezera kwa sikelo ya kulenga (7). Komabe, palibe mawonekedwe a mbiri muzofalitsa. Tinasankha CAT mu MV Zagika, popeza ili ndi zida zonse zofunika ndipo ndiyo njira yaifupi kwambiri - mafunso 108, omwe ndi ofunikira poyesa mayeso kusukulu (poyerekeza: POI - mafunso 150, kusinthidwa ndi L.Ya. Gozman ndi M. Kroz - mafunso 126) . Zosiyanasiyana za MV Zagik zimasunga zonse zomwe zili mu mayeso a POI, masikelo ake onse ndi dongosolo lodziwira mulingo wodziwonetsera nokha. "Lingaliro" lonse la mayeso a POI lasungidwa.

Zotsatira

Kotero, ife tiri ndi zotsatirazi zotsatira. Mwa maphunziro a 27, 3 okha adafika pamtunda wodziwonetsera yekha malinga ndi njira ya CAT. Anthu angapo afika pamlingo uwu. Pali njira yodziwika bwino, yosatchulika kwambiri: kukwezeka kwakudzidzidzimutsa, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wamoyo (10% tanthauzo la kuchuluka kwa mayanjano). Izi siziwonekera kwa aliyense. Zinapezeka kuti mlingo wa kudziona actualization wa ophunzira kwambiri tcheru kwa kanthawi zoipa mikhalidwe maganizo, kuti loci zoipa mu kudziona. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira OE, giredi 10, ali ndi mlingo wochepa wodziwonetsera yekha ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa moyo wogwirizana. Ndi wamanyazi, wosakhutira ndi maonekedwe ake, zomwe zimawonjezera kudzikayikira. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mu chikhalidwe chake, kuphatikizapo kusonyeza kudzikayikira, palinso mwayi wodziwonetsera nokha, masikelo okwera kwambiri a 6 ndi 9, omwe amasonyeza mphamvu zabwino, kupirira, zomwe zingathandize kupirira. ndi kupsinjika kwakanthawi. Mtsikanayo amaphunzira ku 4 ndi 5, akuchita mabwalo. Kutsiliza: mlingo wa kudziona actualization kwambiri kutengera makhalidwe a maganizo, kuchuluka nkhawa. Tiyeni timvere mfundo yakuti OE mu CAT deta, sikelo "Human Nature" ndi apamwamba kwambiri, pa mlingo wapamwamba kudziona zenizeni, mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la munthu wabwino kwambiri, kuzindikira bwino choonadi. ndi bodza, zabwino ndi zoipa. Kutsika pang'ono pa sikelo iyi kumatanthauza kuti wophunzirayo amawona kuti munthuyo ndi woipa komanso wosagwirizanitsa.

Pakuwunika kwathu, ndikofunikira kuti ndi sikelo iyi yomwe E. Shostrom, yemwe adayambitsa mayeso a POI, sanapereke kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu azinthu zomwe zidachitika komanso zomwe sizinachitike. Mayeso ena onse oyesera adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu. Mwakutero, sikelo iyi, komanso, pamlingo wina, "Makhalidwe a Kudzikwaniritsa" amawonetsa zikhalidwe zabwino komanso malingaliro akudzikuza, kukula kwamunthu, chikhumbo chakuchita bwino kwambiri, komanso chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. .

Kudziwonetsera nokha kwa zinthu zomwe zachitika kwambiri ndizodabwitsa. Zimatsutsana ndi chithunzi choyenera cha umunthu woterewu mu chiphunzitso cha Maslow ndi lingaliro la anthu otukuka kwambiri m'dera lathu la Russia. Atsikana BC ndi GO molingana ndi zisonyezo zoyambira "nthawi yake" ndi "thandizo lamkati", adawonetsa kudzipereka kwawo. Kusanthula kunawonetsa kuti kukwera uku kunali chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwakukulu pamiyeso ya "kudzidalira" ndi "kudzivomereza". Amalankhula za kudzidalira, kudzidalira. Pamlingo wa "umunthu", atsikana amakhala ndi mulingo wapakati komanso wochepera. Kawirikawiri, ali ndi malo amkati olamulira, kukhazikika kwamkati, kuthekera kokhala ndi moyo weniweni, kudziyimira pawokha, kudzidalira, kukhudzana kwabwino, kudzidalira kwambiri. Makhalidwe onsewa, ndithudi, kulenga malo abwino kwa mkulu kudziona actualization malinga ndi A. Maslow, koma kudzikonda actualizing umunthu kwambiri anayamba «B-makhalidwe» - chikhumbo cha choonadi, ubwino, kukongola, mgwirizano, comprehensiveness, etc. (13, tsamba 110). Izi "zokhalapo" ndizofanana ndi zizolowezi zathu zachikhalidwe mu umunthu woyambira, zonse zomwe zili mkati komanso mumikhalidwe yawo yoyambirira mu chikhalidwe cha umunthu: «Makhalidwe apamwamba kwambiri alipo mu chikhalidwe chaumunthu ndipo angapezeke. Apo. Izi zimatsutsana ndi malingaliro akale komanso odziwika bwino kuti zikhalidwe zapamwamba zimachokera kwa Mulungu wauzimu kapena magwero ena akunja kwa umunthu wokha "(13, p. 170). “…B-values ​​ndi tanthauzo la moyo kwa anthu ambiri; anthu odzikonda amawafunafuna mwachangu ndipo amadzipereka kwa iwo. ” (13, tsamba 110).

Zili bwanji ndi chikhalidwe, makamaka, makhalidwe abwino a maphunziro athu enieni? Mulingo wa "chilengedwe chaumunthu", monga tawonera kale, uli pamlingo wa omwe sanakwaniritsidwe. Malinga ndi njira ya Kudziwana (makhalidwe 10 a munthu mwini), atsikana onsewo adavumbulutsa kudzikuza kwakukulu komanso kudzimva kuti ndi wapamwamba kuposa ena monga mikhalidwe yofunikira ya umunthu wawo. Ali ndi chipambano chapamwamba chamaphunziro ndi malingaliro ozama pakuphunzira. Akamaliza maphunziro, amafuna kupita ku mayunivesite. Malinga ndi mayeso a Mini-Cartoon, atsikana ali ndi mwayi wodziwonetsera okha: mamba okwera kwambiri a 9, 6, 8 ndi 4. Koma penapake pachitatu pali nkhawa yowonjezereka. Nthawi zambiri, zochita za moyo, kukhala ndi cholinga, kudzidalira kwambiri, kukhala ndi chiyembekezo, komanso kuchita zinthu mwachisawawa ndizo zonse. Poyerekeza: anthu otsika kudzikonda mu malo oyamba pa sikelo ya 2,7 ndi 1, ndiko kuti, "kuvutika maganizo", "nkhawa" ndi "hypochondriac tendencies". Kawirikawiri, kuyesa kwa POI ndi CAT kumapereka mgwirizano wofunikira kwambiri ndi masikelo ndi zinthu za mayeso a MMPI, pamaziko omwe analogue yochepetsedwa ya Mini-mult imapangidwa. Miyeso ya CAT "thandizo", "makhalidwe odziwonetsera okha", "kudzilemekeza" ndi "kudzidzimutsa" zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi MMPI factor of self-confedence and high self-esteam (9). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kugwirizana kwakukulu kolakwika kwa CAT ndi POI ndi sikelo 2, 7, 0 ("0" - introversion) ya MMPI (9; 21) imapezeka.

Zinthu zonsezi zimatithandiza kudziwa mfundo zotsatirazi. Mayeso a POI ndi CAT amapezeka mwa ophunzira aku sekondale characterological kuthekera kwa kudziona zenizeni za umunthu, ndipo mocheperapo - zake zonse chikhalidwe phindu kuthekera. Njirazi sizimatsimikizira mlingo wa chitukuko cha umunthu, chomwe chiyenera kuphatikizapo ubwino wa kukwaniritsa zosowa zofunika, khalidwe la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mlingo wa kukwaniritsidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Iwo. mulingo wambiri wachitukuko umatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza kwa harmonic ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa zigawo zonse za kuthekera kwachilengedwe kwamunthu. Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa njira zodziwira kuchuluka kwa chitukuko cha umunthu, chomwe pamlingo wongopeka chili pafupi ndi gawo la kudziwonetsa kwa Maslow, koma mosiyana ndi izi, kumaphatikizaponso kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano wa ndondomekoyi ngati njira yabwino kwambiri. chigawo chachikulu.

Mawu omaliza achiwiri ndi okhudzana ndi zaka za vutolo. Ana azaka za 15-16 ali pa nthawi yodziwonetsera okha ndipo, mwachibadwa, kusagwirizana ndi zotsutsana zimayamba mwa njirayi. Mbali yofunika ya msinkhu wawo ndi chilakolako chofuna kudziimira. Zimakumana ndi kutsutsa kwa akuluakulu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowonjezereka, zotetezedwa, zomwe, makamaka, zimawonetseredwa ndi kuwonjezeka pang'ono pamlingo wa 6 wa mayeso a Mini-cartoon, kukhwima, mwa ophunzira ambiri akusekondale. Mwachidziwitso, izi zitha kudziwikanso ngati kudzikonda pokhudzana ndi ena, ngati kutsutsana kwamkati. “Tikulandila… ufulu, koma… kuchulukitsitsa kwa chitsogozo chamkati ndikowopsa chifukwa munthu amatha kukhala wosaganizira za ufulu ndi malingaliro a anthu ena… Wowona… ). Izi ndi zomwe zimawonedwa mwa ophunzira ena, makamaka omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chabwino chodziwonetsera okha. Amafuna kukwaniritsa zambiri, koma "amapalasa okha", kuyiwala kapena kunyalanyaza ena. Mwa izi amapanga maziko a mikangano ndi anthu ndi zovuta pakupanga banja, kusunga maubwenzi ochezeka.

Age kumlingo wina akufotokoza ndi kulungamitsa kusagwirizana koteroko pakukula kwa umunthu wa ophunzira aku sekondale. Makolo, aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba chodziwonetsera okha ayenera kupereka chidwi chapadera pa chitukuko cha makhalidwe a munthu.

Zambiri za Shostrom zimatsimikizira kulondola kwa zomwe tikuganiza. Kuyerekeza kwamagulu osiyanasiyana a maphunziro aku America omwe adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya POI kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zachimuna kuposa ophunzira aku koleji! (21). Ndipo ngakhale magulu onsewa sakufika pamlingo wodziwonetsera okha, mfundoyi ndi yofunika kwambiri ndipo imatilola kunena kuti mayesero a POI ndi CAT sakhala okhudzidwa ndi zizoloŵezi zodzikonda komanso zosagwirizana ndi anthu zomwe zimalepheretsa kusungidwa kokhazikika komanso kwa nthawi yaitali. kudziwonetsera. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, “chibadwa cha anthu” cha zigawenga n’chochepa kwambiri kuposa cha ophunzira. Kwa moyo wathunthu pagulu, mulingo wina wovomerezeka wamitundu ndi njira zodziwonetsera ndizofunikira. Ichi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la umphumphu, mgwirizano wa umunthu, chizindikiro cha kukhwima kwake (22, p. 36). Kuvomereza pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe kumatheka osati mwa kudzivomereza nokha, komanso ndi ena, ndi utumiki wa makhalidwe abwino osati ku microsociety, komanso kwa anthu onse, chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi, Cosmos.

Ngati ophunzira apamwamba amakonda kudziona kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso ena otsika, ndiye kuti ophunzira ena otsika kwambiri, m'malo mwake, amadziona kuti ndi otsika komanso apamwamba; Muzochitika zonsezi, timawona kusalinganika muubwenzi. Zomwe zili bwino komanso zogwirizana ndizofanana: Ndine wofunika ndipo Ndinu wofunika, ndipo Ife, anthu, ndife ofunika. Mwachiwonekere, kulinganiza koteroko kwa makhalidwe kumatheka pang'onopang'ono ndi msinkhu, pamene kusiyana kwa ophunzira a kusekondale pakati pa mphamvu ya chikhumbo choyambirira cha ufulu, kudziyimira pawokha ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwake mu khalidwe kumagonjetsedwa (4,2 ndi 2,4) ,XNUMX mfundo, motero, zotsimikiziridwa ndi kachitidwe ka magawo asanu a Basic Aspirations methodology). «).

Kuti chitukuko chikhale chogwirizana cha umunthu, kukwanira kwa kukwaniritsa zosowa zofunika, ndipo choyamba zabwino zonse, ndizofunikira. N'zotheka kuti ndi kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa zofunikira zodziwonetsera okha kwa ophunzirawa, malingaliro oipa a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe amasokoneza. Koma titha kuganiziridwanso kuti pali avareji kapena apamwamba kuposa kuchuluka kwa kukwaniritsidwa kokwanira, komwe kuli koyenera, kogwirizana, posunga cholinga cha kudzizindikira kwathunthu, kosunthika kwa munthu. Zotsirizirazi ndizofunikira kwa ophunzira omwe adakali ndi zambiri zoti achite paokha (osati kuwononga makolo awo) kuti athe kukhutitsidwa ndi ufulu wawo komanso kukula kwawo. Koma, monga fano la ophunzira athu khumi a Freddie Mercury anati, "Chiwonetserocho chiyenera kupitirira." Iwo. ndi kukhutitsidwa ndi kudziwonetsera nokha sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu, mwinamwake masewera a moyo adzasiya kukhala osangalatsa komanso olenga.

Mlandu wotsatira ukuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kulinganiza pakati pa zosoweka zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri - "zotsika" ndi "zapamwamba" mu terminology ya Maslow. Nkhani GM (Siredi 9) anapeza chikhumbo champhamvu kwambiri chitukuko ndi mkulu kwambiri mlingo wa kukhazikitsa kwake (onse 5 mfundo aliyense kafukufuku ntchito «Basic zokhumba» njira). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhumbo choyambirira chokhala ndi moyo ndi kusunga moyo chimasonyezedwa mofooka mwa iye, ndipo mlingo wa kukhazikitsidwa kwake umakhalanso wotsika (zonse 2 mfundo iliyonse). Pali ziwerengero zotsika kwambiri, pa 1 mfundo, ndi pa chikhumbo chachiwiri choyambirira cha mphamvu za umunthu, chidaliro ndi kudzidalira kwakukulu. Malinga ndi mayeso a Mini-cartoon mu GM, pakati pa nsonga zotsogola za sikelo ndi 9 ndi 2, "ntchito yofunika kwambiri" ndi "kukhumudwa", zomwe zikuwonetsa mkhalidwe womwe umakhala wamavuto komanso kusagwirizana kwamkati kwanthawi yayitali komanso kusokonezeka. GM akufotokoza mkhalidwe wake motere: “Pali zotsutsana zambiri: zazikulu kwambiri ndizo kunyada koipitsitsa ndi manyazi. Ndimadziimba mlandu nthawi zonse chifukwa chokhala wamanyazi. Nthawi zina ndimadziona kuti si mmene ndiyenera kukhalira, koma sindikudziwa kuti ndiyenera kuchita chiyani. Sindidandaula za ena, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri samandimvetsa. Nthawi zambiri mumafuna kuchoka m'dziko lino, koma ndizowopsa. … Kukhala ndi moyo mokwanira kumatanthauza kukhala mogwirizana ndi inu nokha ndi iwo omwe akuzungulirani.”

Looping GM pa kunyada, chikhumbo kuteteza munthu Self zikuonekeratu kuti nsonga nsonga mu Mini-zojambula ndi sikelo 6 — «kukhazikika». Kuzindikira kufunikira kodziyimira pawokha kumavotera otsika (2 mfundo). Ndipo iye ndi wapakati. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu wodziimira kumalepheretsedwa ndi manyazi ndipo, monga mwachizolowezi kwa achinyamata, kudalira makolo ndi kusamvetsetsana, kusowa kuzindikira tanthauzo la moyo wake. GM - wophunzira wochita bwino, amasunga gawo la mabuku m'magazini ya sukulu, amawerenga mabuku ovuta.

Ngakhale adzizindikira yekha, GM palibe kumverera kwa chidzalo cha moyo, mgwirizano ndi iwe mwini, palibe ngakhale kutchulidwa chikhumbo chokhala ndi moyo. Zofunikira zoyambirira zimatsitsidwa. Choncho, kudziona nokha sikokwanira kumva chisangalalo ndi chidzalo cha moyo. Kwa ichi, ndikofunikira kwambiri, osachepera pamlingo wapakati, kukwaniritsa zosowa zoyambirira ndi chikhumbo chaufulu. Kuzindikira mwanzeru, kulenga popanda izi sikubweretsa mtendere ndi chisangalalo. Ndipo chimwemwe, monga momwe N. Roerich ankakhulupirira, “ndi nzeru zapadera. Kusangalala ndi thanzi la mzimu” (16). Sizinthu zonse zomwe zili zachisoni kwambiri ndi GM Ali pachipata chodzipangira yekha cholinga cha moyo wake. Ichi ndi vuto la kukula, koma osati kuchepa. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chake chakanthawi. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kupezeka kwa mbiri ya umunthu molingana ndi mayeso a Mini-katuni amiyeso yokwanira yamphamvu - 6 ndi 9, yomwe imapanga mphamvu yayikulu ya Self. Mphamvu iyi ndi kuyankhulana ndi anthu anzeru zidzamuthandiza kuchoka ku kupsinjika maganizo.

Kusagwirizana kofananako pakati pa "zapadziko" ndi "zakumwamba" timawona pakati pa ophunzira a filosofi ku Russian Open University. 19 sophomores anali kufufuzidwa molingana ndi njira «Moyo wa umunthu», CAT, etc. Kunapezeka kuti ophunzira auzimu mzere wa moyo (kukambirana nkhani zamuyaya za moyo ndi imfa, choonadi cha zabwino ndi zoipa, tanthauzo. za moyo, kapangidwe ka Cosmos, ndi zina zotero) zimawonetsedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa za ophunzira akusekondale: avareji yawo ndi 3,8 motsutsana ndi 2,92 ya ana asukulu molingana ndi dongosolo la magawo asanu. Mzere wakuthupi, wowonetsedwa muzochita zolimbitsa thupi kwambiri, ndi wofooka kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri anzeru: 2,9 mfundo motsutsana ndi 3,52 kwa ophunzira aku sekondale. Mzere wachilengedwe wamoyo, wofotokozedwa muzochita zakunja, polumikizana ndi chilengedwe, ndi wotsika kwambiri pakati pa ophunzira: 2,45 mfundo motsutsana ndi 3,4 mfundo za ana asukulu. Kuwunika kwa mbiri ya anzawo ambiri komanso anthu otchuka kunawonetsa kuti mizere yonse 12 ya moyo yomwe imaperekedwa mu njira ya Personal Lifestyle ndiyofunikira. Mwachidziwitso, iwo akhoza kukhala ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana, koma, komabe, muyenera kumvetsera mizere yonseyi (yamaganizo ndi thupi, zopanda pake ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zauzimu zamuyaya, zachilengedwe ndi zotukuka, gulu ndi munthu, kulenga ndi chizolowezi, kulankhulana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. ndi kuyankhulana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha). Pamene mizere yambiri ya moyo imanyalanyazidwa, osachitidwa, m'pamenenso kutsika kwa mgwirizano wa moyo wa munthu. Kunyalanyaza ndikuwunika kochepa kwa kuuma kwa chidwi cha mtundu uwu wa ntchito ndi nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito (2 kapena 1 mfundo).

Kuchuluka kwa moyo wogwirizana kumawonedwa kokha mu 26,3% ya anthanthi, pakati pa ophunzira aku sekondale - mu 35,5%. Wophunzira m'modzi yekha adafika pamlingo wodziwonetsera yekha. Wophunzira uyu "amafanana" ndi kutsika kwa moyo wogwirizana, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ali ndi luso lapadera pazochitika zaumwini. Deta iyi ikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa kusagwirizana pakati pa zochitika zauzimu ndi zakuthupi za afilosofi, zikuwonetsa kusakwanira kwa kulumikizana ndi chilengedwe. Ubwino wa filosofi kuchokera ku kusalinganika uku sikuwonjezeka, koma, m'malo mwake, umachepetsa. Monga momwe zinalili kale, tikuwona pano chikhalidwe chapang'ono cha kudziwonetsera nokha ndi kudzikuza kwa umunthu wonse.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, malinga ndi VT Maya ndi R. Ilardi, ophunzira a American College of Medicine, omwe amakonda kuwerengera mfundo zachipembedzo pa Miyeso Yophunzira Zofunikira, ali ndi mlingo wochepa wodziwonetsera okha. Kukhazikika kuzinthu zolimba zamakhalidwe ndi zauzimu mwina kumalepheretsa kudziwonetsa kwawo, kapena sanapezebe njira zodzizindikiritsa okha. Mothekera, pali zonse ziwiri. Malinga ndi Dandis, "dogmatism" imalumikizidwa molakwika ndi masikelo onse a POI, koma "ufulu" umagwirizananso bwino ndi masikelo onse oyeserera kupatula "synergy" sikelo (21). Zipembedzo zambiri nthawi zambiri zimatsogolera ku zikhulupiriro za umunthu, makamaka pakati pa omwe amatsatira, komanso kupondereza chikhalidwe chokonda ufulu ndi kuseweretsa chodziwonetsera. Ndipo, monga tawonera pamwambapa, zikhalidwe zauzimu ndi zachikhalidwe pawokha sizokwanira pakukula kogwirizana kwa umunthu, pakudziwonetsera nokha. Palibe kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa mlingo wa zopindula ndi mlingo wa mgwirizano mu njira ya moyo. Mutu EM, giredi 11, wophunzira wabwino kwambiri, adalowa mu Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University. Anasonyeza mgwirizano wochepa kwambiri m'moyo wake. Ndipo mosemphanitsa, opambana apakati nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kukhala ndi moyo wogwirizana.

Mwachidule

1. Nthawi zambiri, mlingo wapamwamba wodziwonetsera woyezedwa ndi njira za POI ndi CAT ndizodziwonetsera zokhazokha ndipo sizingakhale chizindikiro cha chitukuko chonse cha munthu. Mfundo imeneyi sikugwira ntchito kwa ophunzira a sekondale okha, komanso akuluakulu. Njira zonsezi zimayezera kuthekera kwa umunthu wa umunthu, womwe ndi wabwino kwambiri pakudziwonetsera nokha, koma osati dongosolo lofunikira la kutsimikiza kwake kwamkati.
2. Lingaliro limatsimikiziridwa kuti chitukuko cha umunthu chiyenera kuyang'ana makamaka pakukwaniritsa njira yogwirizana yodziwonetsera nokha, osati kukwaniritsa chipambano chachikulu pakukwaniritsa kopita. Apo ayi, kupambana kwakukulu sikubweretsa chikhutiro, mtendere wamkati ndi chisangalalo.
3. Zifukwa za kusakhutira kwa ophunzira odziwika kwambiri ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu muzolengedwa zawo, zofunikira zaumwini, mu chimodzi kapena zingapo za zigawo zake, ndi kudzizindikira pang'ono. Kusagwirizana kwakunja kwa umunthu kumapangidwa ndi zamkati.
4. Mkhalidwe ndi mlingo wa mgwirizano wa kuthekera kwachilengedwe kwa munthu ndiye chizindikiritso chachikulu cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chamunthu.
5. Kudziwonetsera koyenera zikuphatikizapo: kugwirizana kwa umunthu mwa mawonekedwe a kuphatikizika kwa kuthekera kwamkati, kukhazikitsidwa kwa magawo abwino kwambiri mkati mwa zigawo zitatu za umunthu woyambira komanso pakati pa zigawo izi; kugwirizana maganizo m'mawonekedwe azinthu zabwino zamaganizidwe ndi kamvekedwe ka moyo; kugwirizana kwake mwadongosolo m'mawonekedwe a magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri - kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mphamvu zamagetsi, kulimba mtima kwachikhumbo, kukhalabe ndi gawo lamasewera pakudzikwaniritsa, kusanja mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zochitika, ndi zina zambiri.
6. Kutengera ovomerezeka a gawo la golidi, titha kulingalira momwe zinthu zilili bwino pamene pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a maubwenzi amkati ndi akunja a umunthu ali oyenerana bwino, ndipo chachitatu chinacho sichili bwino. Zomwezo, mwachiwonekere, zimakhudza chiŵerengero cha zochitika zabwino ndi zoipa pakudziwonetsera nokha, ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito. Kukhazikika kwa umunthu kumapangitsa kuti chitukuko chikhale bwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, munthu ayenera kuganizira za kufunikira kwapadera kwa kugwirizanitsa kwakukulu kwa nthawi zofunika kwambiri zomwe zingatheke za munthu: zokhumba zoyambirira, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe abwino ndi kulinganiza mu chikhalidwe cha subneurotic ndi makhalidwe omwe amadziwika bwino. .
7. Lingaliro la ku America limadziwika ndi kukhazikika kwa kudzipangitsa kukhala wopambana kwambiri mumpikisano wamagulu ampikisano, kupita ku munthu wopambana, wochitapo kanthu, kutha kuvomereza mokwanira zovuta za chilengedwe. "Kuyang'ana kowopsa kwa anthu amsika kumapangitsa kuti kukwaniritsidwa kukhala kovuta kwambiri" (21, p. 35).
8. Maganizo a ku Russia amayang'ana chitukuko makamaka pa zofunikira za dziko lopondereza kwambiri, paziwonetsero zapakati komanso, kumbali ina, pa chilungamo ndi chikumbumtima (zotsirizirazi, mwatsoka, ndizoyenera kwa ambiri). Palibe m'modzi kapena wina aliyense wamalingaliro ndi magulu omwe amathandizira kuti azitha kudziwona okha moyenera.
9. Mlingo wa mgwirizano pakukula kwa umunthu ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa mwachiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha miyeso yoyenera komanso yosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe komanso mu I-zotheka za munthu. Kufotokozera Maslow, tikupanga mawu atsopano: "Munthu ayenera kukhala wogwirizana momwe angathere."

ZOKHUDZA

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