Zamkatimu
Monga lamulo, okhawo omwe ali odziwa kale kuswana bowa wina, wosavuta kulima amayesa kulima bowa kunyumba kapena kudziko. Kwa oyamba kumene, akufunsidwa kuti adziwe njira yoberekera champignons kapena bowa wa oyster. Ngati mumadziwa pang'ono za kukula kwa bowa ndipo mukufuna kudziwa bwino njira yobzala bowa, choyamba sankhani mitundu yomwe mungasankhe pazifukwa izi.
Pakati pa zodyedwa komanso zoyenera kulima, mitundu iwiri imasiyanitsidwa: chilimwe ndi chisanu.
Muphunzira za njira zoyambira momwe mungakulire bowa kunyumba ndi m'munda powerenga nkhaniyi.
Kodi bowa wa m'chilimwe amawoneka bwanji
Bowa umenewu ndi wofala kwambiri, ndipo othyola bowa amautola pafupifupi m’nkhalango zonse. Bowa amamera pamitengo yakufa, monga lamulo, m'magulu ambiri. Poyenda m'nkhalango, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuona chipewa chachikasu chagolide chomwe chimapangidwa ndi bowa pamitengo yomwe yagwa kapena zitsa. Njira iyi imawonedwa kuyambira Juni mpaka Seputembala.
Ndi bowa waung'ono kukula kwake, kapu m'mimba mwake nthawi zambiri imakhala kuyambira 20-60 mm, mawonekedwe ake ndi athyathyathya, m'mphepete mwake amasiyidwa. Pakati pa kapu pali khalidwe tubercle. Mtundu wa pamwamba pa uchi wa agaric ndi wachikasu-bulauni wokhala ndi mabwalo opepuka amadzi. Mnofu ndi woonda ndithu, wanthete, woyera mu mtundu. Kutalika kwa miyendo - 35-50 mm, makulidwe - 4 mm. Tsinde limaperekedwa ndi mphete yamtundu wofanana ndi kapu, yomwe imatha kutha msanga, ngakhale kuwunika komveka kudzakhalabe.
Kusamala kwambiri kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa mbale, zomwe mu agariki wodyedwa wa uchi zimakhala zofewa poyamba, ndi zofiirira panthawi yakucha, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi agarics onyenga a uchi. Mambale omaliza amakhala otuwa-achikasu, kenako akuda, obiriwira kapena ofiirira.
Zithunzi izi zikuwonetsa momwe bowa wachilimwe amawonekera:
Kukoma kwa bowa ndikokwera kwambiri. Fungo ndi lamphamvu komanso losangalatsa. Zipewa zimatha kusungidwa mutatha kuyanika.
Miyendo, monga lamulo, siidyedwa chifukwa cha kuuma kwawo. Pazinthu zamafakitale, bowa samaberekedwa, chifukwa bowa ndi wowonongeka, womwe umafunika kukonzedwa mwachangu, ndipo pambali pake, sungathe kunyamulidwa. Koma olima bowa okha amayamikira uchi ku Dziko Lathu, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, ndi zina zotero ndipo amalima mofunitsitsa.
Zotsatirazi zikufotokoza momwe bowa angakulire kuseri kwa nyumba.
Momwe mungakulire bowa wachilimwe pa chiwembu pazitsa
Mitengo yakufa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lapansi polima bowa wachilimwe, ndipo mycelium nthawi zambiri amagulidwa ngati phala mu machubu. Ngakhale mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito zobzala zanu - kulowetsedwa kwa zipewa za bowa okhwima kapena zidutswa zamitengo zomwe zili ndi bowa.
Musanayambe kukula bowa m'dziko, muyenera kukonzekera mycelium. Kulowetsedwa kumapangidwa kuchokera ku zipewa zokhala ndi mbale zakuda zofiirira, zomwe ziyenera kuphwanyidwa ndikuyikidwa mumtsuko wamadzi (tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amvula) kwa maola 12-24. Kenako chisakanizocho chimasefedwa kudzera mu gauze ndipo matabwawo amathiridwa mochuluka ndi iwo, atadula kale malekezero ndi mbali.
Kuphatikiza pa kulowetsedwa pamatabwa, zipewa zokhwima zimatha kuikidwa ndi mbale pansi, kuzichotsa patatha tsiku limodzi kapena awiri. Ndi njira yokulira bowa iyi, mycelium imakula kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo zokolola zoyamba zitha kupezeka kumapeto kwa nyengo yotsatira.
Kuti ntchitoyi ipite mofulumira, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni zokhala ndi mycelium, zomwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango kuyambira mu June. Samalani zitsa kapena mitengo yagwa. Zigawo ziyenera kutengedwa kumadera a kukula kwambiri kwa mycelium, mwachitsanzo, kumene kuli ulusi wambiri woyera ndi zonona (hyphae), komanso kumatulutsa fungo lamphamvu la bowa.
Zidutswa za nkhuni zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi bowa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimayikidwa m'mabowo odulidwa pamtengo wokonzedwa. Ndiye malowa amaphimbidwa ndi moss, khungwa, ndi zina zotero. Kotero kuti pamene mukukula bowa wa chilimwe, mycelium imasunthira ku nkhuni zazikulu, zidutswazo zikhoza kukhomeredwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi filimu. Ndiye bowa woyamba amapangidwa kale kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe chotsatira.
Mosasamala kanthu za njira ya matenda, nkhuni za mtengo uliwonse wolimba ndi zoyenera kulima bowa pazitsa. Kutalika kwa magawo ndi 300-350 mm, m'mimba mwake ndi iliyonse. Momwemo, zitsa za mitengo yazipatso zimathanso kuchitapo kanthu, zomwe siziyenera kuzulidwa, chifukwa m'zaka 4-6 zidzasweka, kuwonongedwa kwathunthu ndi bowa.
Pa nkhuni zodulidwa kumene ndi zitsa, infestation ikhoza kuchitidwa popanda kukonzekera mwapadera. Ngati nkhuni zasungidwa kwa nthawi ndithu ndipo zakhala ndi nthawi yowuma, ndiye kuti zidutswazo zimasungidwa m'madzi kwa masiku 1-2, ndipo zitsa zimatsanulidwa nazo. Kupatsirana kwa bowa mdziko muno kumatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse munyengo yakukula. Chopinga chokha pa izi ndi nyengo yotentha kwambiri. Komabe, zikhale choncho, nthawi yabwino kwambiri ya matenda ndi masika kapena kumayambiriro kwa autumn.
Mitengo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi uchi wa agaric mkatikati mwa Dziko Lathu ndi birch, momwe chinyezi chambiri chimatsalira pambuyo pogwetsa, ndipo chipolopolo chodalirika chokhala ngati khungwa la birch chimateteza nkhuni kuti zisaume. Kuphatikiza pa birch, alder, aspen, poplar, etc. amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma pamtengo wa coniferous, uchi wa chilimwe agaric umakula kwambiri.
Musanayambe kukula bowa, onerani vidiyoyi:
Magawo a nkhuni omwe ali ndi kachilombo amayikidwa pamalo oyimirira m'mabowo omwe adakumbidwa kale ndi mtunda wa 500 mm pakati pawo. Gawo la nkhuni kuchokera pansi liyenera kuyang'ana pafupi ndi 150 mm.
Kuti mumere bowa pazitsa moyenera, nthaka iyenera kuthiriridwa madzi ambiri ndikuwaza ndi utuchi wosanjikiza kuti chinyontho chisachoke. Kwa madera oterowo, ndikofunikira kusankha malo okhala ndi mithunzi pansi pa mitengo kapena malo ogona opangidwa mwapadera.
Zotsatira zabwino zitha kupezeka mwa kuyika matabwa pansi pa greenhouses kapena greenhouses momwe chinyezi chimatha kuwongolera. Pazifukwa zotere, zimatenga miyezi 7 kuti apangenso matupi a fruiting, ngakhale ngati nyengo ili yoipa, akhoza kukula m'chaka chachiwiri.
Ngati mukukula bowa m'dzikoli monga momwe teknoloji yolondola ikusonyezera, bowa amabala zipatso kawiri pachaka (kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe ndi autumn) kwa zaka 5-7 (ngati zidutswa za nkhuni zokhala ndi 200-300 mm zikugwiritsidwa ntchito; ngati m'mimba mwake ndi wamkulu, ndiye kuti fruiting ikhoza kupitilira nthawi yayitali).
Zokolola za bowa zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa nkhuni, nyengo, ndi kukula kwa mycelium. Zokolola zimatha kusiyana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera kugawo limodzi mutha kupeza onse 300 g pachaka ndi 6 kg pachilimwe. Monga lamulo, fruiting yoyamba si yolemera kwambiri, koma malipiro otsatirawa ndi 3-4 nthawi zambiri.
Ndikotheka kukulitsa bowa wa chilimwe pamalowo pazinyalala zankhalango (timitengo ting'onoting'ono, nthambi, ndi zina), pomwe magulu okhala ndi mainchesi 100-250 mm amapangidwa, omwe ali ndi matenda a mycelium ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zafotokozedwa ndikukwiriridwa m'nthaka. pansi mpaka kuya kwa 200-250 mm, kuphimba pamwamba ndi turf. Malo ogwirira ntchito amatetezedwa ku mphepo ndi dzuwa.
Popeza uchi wa agaric suli wa bowa wa mycorrhizal ndipo umamera pamitengo yakufa yokha, kulima kwake kumatha kuchitika popanda kuopa kuwononga mitengo yamoyo.
Tsatanetsatane wa kukula kwa bowa wa uchi akufotokozedwa muvidiyoyi:
Uchi wa agaric ndi wokoma ngati bowa monga momwe amalima bowa amaunyalanyaza mosayenera. Ukadaulo waulimi wofotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane uyenera kuwongoleredwa pang'onopang'ono, kuti olima bowa osaphunzira akhale ndi mwayi waukulu wopanga luso poyesera.
Zotsatirazi zikufotokoza teknoloji ya kukula bowa kunyumba kwa oyamba kumene.
Technology kukula bowa yozizira kunyumba
Chipewa cha honey honey agaric (flammulina velvety-legged) ndi chathyathyathya, chophimbidwa ndi ntchofu, yaying'ono - 20-50 mm m'mimba mwake, nthawi zina imakula mpaka 100 mm. Mtundu wa kapu ndi wachikasu kapena kirimu, pakati ukhoza kukhala bulauni. Ma mbale amtundu wa kirimu ndi otakata komanso ochepa. Mnofu ndi wachikasu. Mwendo ndi 50-80 mm utali ndi 5-8 mm wandiweyani, wamphamvu, wabuluu, wonyezimira wonyezimira pamwamba, ndi bulauni pansi, mwina wakuda-bulauni (ndi mbali iyi n'zosavuta kusiyanitsa mtundu uwu wa uchi wa agaric ndi ena). Pansi pa tsinde ndi ubweya-velvety.
Bowa wachisanu muzochitika zachilengedwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri ku Ulaya, Asia, North America, Australia ndi Africa. Bowa wowononga nkhuniwu amakula m'magulu akuluakulu, makamaka pazitsa ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali yamitengo kapena pamitengo yofowoka (monga lamulo, pa aspens, poplars, misondodzi). Pakati pa Dziko Lathu, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu September - November, komanso kumadera akumwera ngakhale mu December.
Kulima mochita kupanga kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa kudayamba ku Japan zaka mazana angapo zapitazo ndipo kumatchedwa "endokitake". Komabe, ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwa zokolola pamene mukukula bowa m'nyengo yozizira pazitsulo zamatabwa zinali zochepa kwambiri. M'ma 50s. ku Japan, adapereka chilolezo cha kulima kwa dzina lomwelo pazinyalala zamatabwa, pambuyo pake kulima kwa flammulina kunakula kwambiri. Pakalipano, agaric agaric yozizira ali m'malo achitatu padziko lonse lapansi ponena za kupanga. Pamwamba pa champignon (malo oyamba) ndi bowa wa oyisitara (malo achiwiri).
Bowa wachisanu uli ndi ubwino wosatsutsika (kukolola m'nyengo yozizira popanda mpikisano wamtchire pamisika, kupanga mosavuta komanso kutsika mtengo kwa gawo lapansi, kukula kochepa (miyezi 2,5), kukana matenda). Koma palinso zovuta (kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwa nyengo, makamaka kutentha ndi kukhalapo kwa mpweya wabwino, kusankha kochepa kwa njira zolima ndi njira, kufunikira kwa mikhalidwe yosabala). Ndipo zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa musanayambe kukula bowa mycelium.
Ngakhale kuti uchi wa agaric umatenga malo achitatu pakupanga mafakitale, sudziwika bwino pakati pa olima bowa osaphunzira, komanso pakati pa othyola bowa.
Popeza flammulina ndi ya bowa wa mycorrhizal, mwachitsanzo, imatha kumera pamitengo yamoyo, iyenera kulimidwa m'nyumba zokha.
Kulima bowa m'nyengo yozizira kunyumba kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni) komanso mozama (kuswana m'malo opatsa thanzi, omwe amachokera ku utuchi wamitengo yolimba yokhala ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana: udzu, mankhusu a mpendadzuwa, mbewu za bowa, chimanga, mankhusu a buckwheat, chinangwa, keke). Mtundu wa zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimadalira kupezeka kwa zinyalala zoyenera pafamuyo.
Kuchuluka kwa zofunikira zopangira bowa kunyumba kungakhale kosiyana, poganizira zazomwe zimapangidwira. Utuchi wokhala ndi chinangwa, chomwe ndi chowonjezera chochuluka, chimasakanizidwa mu chiŵerengero cha 3: 1, utuchi ndi njere za mowa - 5: 1, posakaniza mankhusu a mpendadzuwa ndi mankhusu a buckwheat, chiŵerengero chomwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Udzu, chimanga, mankhusu a mpendadzuwa, mankhusu a buckwheat amasakanizidwa ndi utuchi mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1.
Monga momwe zimasonyezera, izi ndi zosakaniza zothandiza kwambiri, zomwe zinawonetsa zotsatira zabwino m'munda. Ngati simugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera, ndiye kuti zokolola pa utuchi wopanda kanthu zidzakhala zazing'ono, ndipo kukula kwa mycelium ndi fruiting kumachepetsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, udzu, chimanga, mankhusu a mpendadzuwa, ngati angafune, atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati sing'anga yayikulu yazakudya, pomwe utuchi kapena magawo ena safunikira.
Ndibwino kuti muwonjezere 1% gypsum ndi 1% superphosphate ku sing'anga yazakudya zokulitsa bowa wapanyumba. Chinyezi chazosakanizacho chiyenera kukhala 60-70%. Inde, simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza ngati zili zokayikitsa kapena zokhala ndi nkhungu.
Gawo lapansi likakonzeka, limaperekedwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha. Izi zikhoza kukhala njira yotseketsa, nthunzi kapena madzi otentha, pasteurization, ndi zina zotero. Kukula bowa, kutseketsa kumachitidwa poyika mchere mumatumba apulasitiki kapena mitsuko yagalasi yokhala ndi malita 0,5-3.
The ndondomeko kutentha mankhwala zitini ndi ofanana ochiritsira kunyumba kumalongeza. Nthawi zina chithandizo cha kutentha chimachitidwa musanayambe kuyika gawo lapansi mu mitsuko, koma pamenepa zotengerazo ziyeneranso kutenthedwa, ndiye kuti chitetezo cha michere kuchokera ku nkhungu ndichodalirika.
Ngati gawo lapansi likukonzekera kuikidwa m'mabokosi, ndiye kuti chithandizo cha kutentha chikuchitika pasadakhale. Kompositi yoyikidwa m'mabokosi ndi yopepuka pang'ono.
Ngati tilankhula za zofunikira pakukulitsa bowa wapakhomo (kutentha, chinyezi, chisamaliro), ndiye kuti m'pofunika kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo ena, omwe kupambana kwa chochitika chonsecho kudzadalira kwambiri.
Zotengera zomwe zimatenthedwa ndi kutentha ndi sing'anga yazakudya zimakhazikika mpaka 24-25 ° C, kenako gawo lapansi limafesedwa ndi njere mycelium, kulemera kwake ndi 5-7% ya kulemera kwa kompositi. Pakatikati mwa mtsuko kapena thumba, mabowo amapangidwa pasadakhale (ngakhale musanayambe kutentha) kupyolera mu makulidwe onse a sing'anga yazakudya pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo yamatabwa kapena yachitsulo yokhala ndi mainchesi 15-20 mm. Ndiye mycelium idzafalikira mofulumira mu gawo lapansi. Pambuyo popanga mycelium, mitsuko kapena matumba amakutidwa ndi pepala.
Kukula bowa, muyenera kupanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Mycelium imamera mu gawo lapansi pa kutentha kwa 24-25 ° C ndipo imakhala masiku 15-20 pa izi (makhalidwe a chidebe, gawo lapansi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya uchi wa agaric ndizofunikira kwambiri pa izi). Pa nthawiyi, bowa silifuna kuwala, koma m'pofunika kuonetsetsa kuti zakudya zopatsa thanzi siziuma, mwachitsanzo, chinyezi m'chipindacho chiyenera kukhala pafupifupi 90%. Zotengera zomwe zili ndi gawo lapansi zimakutidwa ndi burlap kapena pepala, lomwe limanyowa nthawi ndi nthawi (komabe, ndizosatheka kulola kuti linyowe kwambiri).
Pamene mycelium imamera mu gawo lapansi, zokutira kuchokera muzitsulozo zimachotsedwa ndipo zimasamutsidwa kupita ku chipinda chowala ndi kutentha kwa 10-15 ° C, komwe mungapeze zokolola zambiri. Pambuyo pa masiku 10-15 kuyambira pomwe zitini zimasamutsidwira m'chipinda chowala (masiku 25-35 kuchokera pomwe mycelium idabzalidwa), gulu la miyendo yopyapyala yokhala ndi zipewa zazing'ono imayamba kuwonekera kuchokera mumphikawo - izi ndi zoyambira za matupi a fruiting a bowa. Monga lamulo, zokolola zimachotsedwa pakadutsa masiku 10.
Magulu a bowa amadulidwa mosamala m'munsi mwa miyendo, ndipo stub yomwe yatsala mu gawo lapansi imachotsedwa pazakudya zopatsa thanzi, koposa zonse, mothandizidwa ndi ma tweezers amatabwa. Ndiye pamwamba pa gawo lapansi sichimasokoneza chinyezi pang'ono kuchokera ku sprayer. Mbewu yotsatira ikhoza kukolola pakadutsa milungu iwiri. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yoyambira mycelium isanakolole koyamba itenga masiku 40-45.
Kuchuluka kwa maonekedwe a bowa ndi khalidwe lawo zimadalira kapangidwe kameneka kamene kamakhala ndi zakudya, teknoloji yochizira kutentha, mtundu wa chidebe chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zina zomwe zimakula. Kwa mafunde 2-3 a fruiting (masiku 60-65), 1 g ya bowa ingapezeke kuchokera ku 500 kg ya gawo lapansi. Pamalo abwino - 1,5 kg ya bowa kuchokera mumtsuko wa 3-lita. Ngati mulibe mwayi konse, ndiye kuti 200 g wa bowa amatengedwa mumtsuko wa malita atatu.
Onerani kanema wokhudza kukula bowa kunyumba kuti mumvetse bwino njira zamakono:
