“Kudzichepetsa ndi khalidwe labwino la ofunda”, analemba motero Jean-Paul Sartre. Mwa kudzichepetsa, motero, tikutanthauza kudziletsa, kudziletsa podzilemekeza ndi mikhalidwe ya munthu. Munthu wodzazidwa ndi kudzichepetsa, iye samachulukitsa kapena kukana mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake: amakhalabe wolungama. Kudzichepetsa ndi ukoma, kwa wachibuda wamonke Matthieu Ricard: kuti "za iye amene amayesa zonse zomwe zatsalira kuti aphunzire ndi njira yomwe amayenera kuyendabe". Kufotokozera mwachidule, kunja ndi pamwamba, kudzichepetsa ndi dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene mkati ndi mozama, kudzichepetsa kumasonyeza chowonadi chaumwini.

“Munthu wodzichepetsa samadzikhulupirira kuti ndi wocheperapo kuposa ena: wasiya kudzikhulupirira kuti ndi woposa ena. Sanyalanyaza zomwe ali nazo, kapena zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa: amakana kukhutira nazo., akulemba motero André Comte-Sponville m'buku lake Philosophical Dictionary. Chotero, kudzichepetsa ndi mkhalidwe umene munthu sadziika pamwamba pa zinthu ndi ena, umene, nawonso, munthu amalemekeza mikhalidwe imene iye ali nayo. Mu kudzichepetsa, munthu amavomereza kwathunthu kukhalapo kwa moyo wonse. Kudzichepetsa kumachokera ku liwu lachilatini humus, kutanthauza dziko lapansi.

Mawu akuti kudzichepetsa ndi liwu lochokera ku Chilatini gawo, zomwe zimasonyeza muyeso. Kudzichepetsa n'kosiyana ndi kudzichepetsa kwabodza: ​​ndithudi, wotsirizirawo, mwa kunyengezera kudzichepetsa, amakonda kukopa kuyamikiridwa kwambiri. Kwenikweni, kudzichepetsa kumaphatikizapo kudziletsa podziyamikira ndi kuyamikira mikhalidwe ya munthu. Ndilo dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene kudzichepetsa kumakhala kozama, mkati.

Cholinga cha kudzichepetsa ndi kudzichepetsa nthawi zonse ndi iwe mwini. Motero, Thomas Hume analemba m’buku lake lakuti Dissertation on the Passions: "Ngakhale kuti amatsutsana mwachindunji, kunyada ndi kudzichepetsa zili ndi cholinga chomwecho. Chinthu ichi ndi kudzikonda kapena kutsatizana kwa malingaliro ndi zowonera zomwe zimalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake zomwe timakumbukira komanso kuzindikira.Komabe, wafilosofi wachingelezi ananena kuti ngakhale kuti iwowo angakhale chinthu chawo, si chifukwa chawo.

Nthawi zina kudzichepetsa kumaoneka ngati kufooka. Koma chosiyana chake, kunyada, ndikuchulukitsa kwa ego, kulepheretsa kupita patsogolo kulikonse kwamunthu. Matthieu Ricard, mmonke wachibuddha wa ku Tibetan, akulemba kuti: “Kudzichepetsa ndi chinthu choiwalika cha dziko lamakono, zisudzo. Magazini nthawi zonse amapereka malangizo a "kudzitsimikizira", "kudzikakamiza", "kukhala wokongola", kuwonekera chifukwa chosowa. Kutengeka kumeneku ndi chithunzi chabwino chomwe tiyenera kudzipatsa tokha ndichoti sitidzifunsanso funso la kusakhala ndi maziko kwa maonekedwe, koma la momwe tingawonekere bwino..

Ndipo komabe: kudzichepetsa ndi ukoma. Chotero, wodzichepetsa amakhoza kuyeza njira yonse imene yatsala kuti ayende, zonse zimene zatsala kuti aphunzire. Kuphatikiza apo, odzichepetsa, osapanga zambiri za kudzikuza kwawo, amakhala omasuka kwa ena. Kwa Mathieu Ricard, yemwe wagwira ntchito kwambiri pazachifundo, odzichepetsa "amadziwa makamaka kugwirizana pakati pa zolengedwa zonse". Iwo ali pafupi ndi chowonadi, ku choonadi chawo chamkati, popanda kuchepetsa mikhalidwe yawo, koma popanda kudzitamandira kapena kusonyeza ubwino wawo. Kwa wolemba Neel Burton, "anthu odzichepetsa enieni samadzikhalira okha kapena chifaniziro chawo, koma moyo wokha, mumkhalidwe wamtendere ndi chisangalalo chenicheni.".

Kudzichepetsa kumabweretsa kudziletsa, ponse paŵiri m’maonekedwe ndi kakhalidwe, kusafuna kudzionetsera, kukopa chidwi. Kodi ndi, monga Sartre amanenera, ukoma wa ofunda? Kwa Neel Burton, "Kukhala wodzichepetsa ndiko kupeputsa maganizo athu kuti zinthu zisatifikenso, pamene kukhala wodzichepetsa ndi kuteteza maganizo a anthu ena, kuti asakhale omasuka, awopsyezedwe, ndipo samatiukira.".

Maurice Bellet, mu La Force de vivre, akuyitanitsa kupitilira mawonekedwe ofunda: motero, kukhala pakati pa ang'ono, ndiye "Ndasangalala kwambiri kukwirira talente yapadera". Ngakhale kwa ena “kupepesa chifukwa chosagwira ntchito ndi kupanda nzeru chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa kwachikristu” : bodza, kwa psychoanalyst, zonse zoipa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito chikhulupiriro. Ndipo, akulemba Maurice Bellet: "Ndidzagwedeza moyo wanga wofewa, ndipo ndidzafunafuna zomwe zingathandize ena kuzindikira kuti alipo."

Augustine Woyera, wanthanthi ndi wazamulungu wa zaka za m’ma XNUMX, analemba kuti kudzichepetsa ndiye maziko a makhalidwe onse abwino. Mofananamo, Neel Burton adanenanso kuti, m'malo moletsa, kudzichepetsa ndi khalidwe losinthika kwambiri. Izi zingapangitse kuti anthu azikhala ndi makhalidwe monga kudziletsa, kuyamikira, kuwolowa manja, kulolerana, kukhululuka ...

Pomaliza, kudzichepetsa ndi kudzichepetsa kumatsimikizira kukhala mikhalidwe yozindikirika ya psychology yabwino, chilango chomwe chimachirikizidwa lerolino ndi akatswiri ambiri a zamaganizo, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kupititsa patsogolo zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kuti munthu agwire bwino ntchito komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino la maganizo. M'nkhaniyi, olemba awiri, Peterson ndi Seligman, amaika, poyesa gulu la sayansi la mphamvu zaumunthu ndi makhalidwe abwino, omwe ali odzichepetsa ndi odzichepetsa pamtima pa lingaliro la "kudziletsa". Ndiko kuti, kudziletsa, kudziletsa mwakufuna...

Kudzichepetsa, monga kudzichepetsa, ndi mitundu yonse ya kupulumutsa kudziletsa, mwa njira... Pakati pa ziwirizi, tidzakonda kudzichepetsa, m’lingaliro lakuti kuli pafupi kwambiri ndi choonadi cha kukhala, m’lingaliro limene kungatsogolere, monga Marc Farine akulemba m'modzi mwa ake Ecrits pour les Equipes Enseignantes de Lille, kuti "kukhala, mu chidzalo cha umunthu wathu, kupanga, modzichepetsa pazochitika zathu ndi ntchito zathu, malo okhalamo ndi njira zatsopano.".