Pakamwa (kuchokera ku Chilatini bucca, “tsaya”) ndiko polowera kumene chakudya chimalowa m’thupi. Amapanga gawo loyamba la m'mimba mwa anthu ndi nyama zina komanso amalola kupuma ndi kuyimba foni.

Pakamwa, kapena kuti pakamwa, pali zinthu zingapo. Zimayikidwa mkati ndi mucous nembanemba yoteteza. Amatsegula ndi milomo. Amamangidwa pambali ndi masaya, pamwamba pake ndi denga la pakamwa lomwe limapangidwa ndi fupa la mafupa ndi mkamwa wofewa womwe umatsogolera kumbuyo kwa lilime ndi ma tonsils (awiri symmetrical misa ya lymphatic minofu yomwe ili mbali. chitetezo cha mthupi). Pansi pake, zimachepetsedwa ndi pansi pakamwa pomwe lilime limakhala. Zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi pansi ndi frenulum ya lilime, khola laling'ono la mucous nembanemba lomwe limalepheretsa kuyenda kwake kumbuyo. Mkamwa muli nsagwada zapansi ndi kumtunda, zomwe zimakhala mkamwa ndi mano.

Malo ocheperako kunja ndi masaya ndi milomo ndipo mkati ndi mano ndi mkamwa amapanga khonde la mkamwa. Tikhozanso kusiyanitsa phanga loyenera la m’kamwa, limene lili ndi malire kutsogolo ndi m’mbali ndi mano.

Ntchito yayikulu ya mkamwa ndiyo kukhala khomo lolowera ku chakudya kuti ayambe kugaya chakudya. Chakudyacho chimaphwanyidwa ndi kutafunidwa ndi mano ndikusakaniza ndi malovu omwe amakhala ndi timadzi ta m’mimba. Lilime limatenga nawo gawo pakusakaniza uku ndikukankhira chakudya mu pharynx: uku ndikumeza.

Lilime limaphimbidwanso pamwamba pake ndi zokometsera zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kukoma. Mphuno yapakamwa imalola kucheza ndi anthu kudzera m'mawu kapena machitidwe monga kupsopsona. Mbali ya kupuma imaloledwanso kudzera mkamwa.

Ankyloglossie : Kubadwa kolakwika kwa fupa la lilime lomwe ndi lalifupi kwambiri kapena lolimba kwambiri. Kusuntha lilime kumakhala kochepa, zomwe zingasokoneze kuyamwitsa kwa khanda ndi kulankhula pambuyo pake. Chithandizo ndi opaleshoni: incision (frenotomy) kapena gawo la frenulum (frenectomy).

Zilonda zapakhomo : Izi ndi zilonda zazing’ono zomwe zimapangika kaŵirikaŵiri pa minyewa ya m’kamwa: m’kati mwa masaya, lilime, m’kati mwa milomo, m’kamwa kapena m’kamwa.

Halitosis (mpweya woipa): nthawi zambiri, ndi mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka pa lilime kapena mano omwe amatulutsa fungo losasangalatsa. Ngakhale kuti halitosis ndi vuto laling'ono la thanzi, likhoza kukhalabe gwero la kupsinjika maganizo komanso kulemala kwa anthu. Zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha zakudya zina, monga ukhondo kapena matenda.

Zilonda zamtundu : Zodziwika ndi mayina odziwika a "chilonda chozizira" kapena "chilonda chozizira", zilonda zozizira zimawonekera ndi maonekedwe a matuza opweteka, nthawi zambiri pamilomo ndi pamilomo. Ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo kotchedwa herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

Gingivitis : kutupa m`kamwa. Izi zimakhala zofiira, zokwiya, zotupa pamene zimakhala zolimba komanso zapinki. Amatha kutuluka magazi mosavuta, makamaka potsuka mano.

Periodontitis: kutupa kwa minofu yomwe imazungulira ndikuthandizira mano, yotchedwa "periodontium". Minofu imeneyi ndi monga chingamu, ulusi wothandizira wotchedwa periodontium, ndi fupa limene mano amakhazikika. Matenda a bakiteriya oyambira, amapezeka nthawi zambiri pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimafooka.

Candidiasis pakamwa : matenda a yisiti mkamwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa bowa wongochitika mwachilengedwe, candida albicans. Zomwe zimayambitsa zimakhala zambiri: mimba, pakamwa pouma, kutupa, matenda a shuga ... Ikhoza kuwonetseredwa ndi maonekedwe a "muget" woyera: lilime ndi masaya zimakhala zofiira, zimauma ndikuphimba ndi zolembera. woyera.

Lichen plan buccal : lichen planus ndi matenda a khungu osadziwika omwe angakhudze pakamwa. Zilonda zapakhungu nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mbali zonse za mkamwa. Mzere wa masaya, kumbuyo kwa lilime, ndi m'kamwa nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi zotupa zomwe zimawoneka ngati zofiirira (kuyabwa) ma papules omwe angakhale atakutidwa ndi chinthu choyera. Matenda osachiritsika popanda chithandizo, amadziwonetsera okha ndi nthawi ya kuyambiranso ndi kukhululukidwa.

Pakamwa pouma (xerostomia) : Amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa katulutsidwe ka malovu, zomwe zimasonyeza kuukira kwa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa malovu. Zizindikiro zowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi milomo yomata kapena kusakhalapo kwa malovu pansi pa lilime. Matendawa amapangidwa ndi dokotala kuti asinthe chithandizo.

Khansa ya mkamwa : chotupa choopsa chomwe chimachokera ku maselo amkamwa.

Amakula pansi pakamwa, lilime, tonsils, m'kamwa, masaya, m'kamwa ndi milomo. Malinga ndi National Cancer Institute (7), 70% ya khansa yapakamwa imapezeka mochedwa, zomwe zimachepetsa mwayi wochira. Khansara ya m'kamwa ikadziwika msanga, m'pamenenso machiritso ake ndi othandiza kwambiri.

Amygdalite : kutupa ndi matenda a tonsils kutsatira kukhudzana ndi kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya. Amakula kukula ndipo amakhala opweteka, nthawi zambiri amasokoneza kumeza. Kumwa mankhwala (mankhwala oletsa kutupa ndi maantibayotiki ngati pakufunika) nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira kuthetsa zizindikirozo.

Milomo yapalate yong'ambika : Wodziwika kuti milomo yong'ambika molakwika, ndi vuto lobadwa nalo lomwe limadza chifukwa cha kusakanizika kosayenera kwa mlomo wapamwamba komanso / kapena m'kamwa mwa mluza pakukula kwake (6). Amathandizidwa ndi opaleshoni.

Nthawi zambiri, ndikofunikira kukhala aukhondo pakamwa komanso kuyang'anira pakamwa panu mukakambirana ndi dokotala kapena mano. Zilonda zimatha kuwoneka ndipo sizosavuta kuziwona, zomwe zingakhale choncho ndi khansa ya m'kamwa. Kuzindikira msanga kumawonjezera mwayi wochira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa osuta komanso omwe amamwa mowa nthawi zonse omwe amawakonda kwambiri khansa (7).

Ponena za zinthu zabwino, mankhwala ena amadziwika kuti amalimbikitsa kuchitika kwa candidiasis. Maantibayotiki a Broad-spectrum (8), kutanthauza kuti amagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mabanja ambiri a mabakiteriya (amoxicillin kapena penicillin mwachitsanzo), corticosteroids, mankhwala a antiacid (kuchepetsa acidity ya m'mimba) kapena neuroleptics (omwe amachepetsa kupanga malovu) ndi zitsanzo.

Kufufuza pakamwa : Kuwunika kowonekera kochitidwa ndi dokotala kapena dokotala wa opaleshoni wa mano amene amayesa mano, mkamwa, lilime, minofu yofewa pansi pa lilime, m'kamwa ndi mkati mwa masaya. Cholinga chake ndi kupewa vuto lililonse la mano kapena matenda am'kamwa. Nthawi zina, kuyezetsa koyambirira kumapangidwa kulola kuwongolera mwachangu kwa matendawo (9).

Mayeso a zithunzi zachipatala:

Njira zimenezi zimathandiza kudziwa mmene ziwalo zina za khansa m'kamwa.

• Radiography: njira yojambula zamankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray. Ndilo kuyezetsa koyenera, gawo loyamba lokakamiza ndipo nthawi zina limakwanira kuti munthu adziwe matenda.
• Scanner: njira yowunikira yomwe imakhala ndi "kusanthula" gawo lomwe laperekedwa la thupi kuti apange zithunzi zodutsana, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa X-ray. Mawu akuti "scanner" kwenikweni ndi dzina la chipangizo chachipatala, koma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula mayeso. Timalankhulanso za computed tomography kapena computed tomography.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): kuyezetsa kwachipatala pazolinga zowunikira zomwe zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chachikulu cha cylindrical momwe maginito ndi mafunde a wailesi amapangidwa kuti apange zithunzi zolondola kwambiri, mu 2D kapena 3D, mkamwa. MRI ndi kuyesa kwamphamvu kwambiri pophunzira zotupa (mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe).
• PET Scan: yomwe imatchedwanso positron emission tomography (PET kapena "positron emission tomography" m'Chingerezi) ndi kuyesa kojambula komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wowona momwe ziwalo zikuyendera (kujambula kogwira ntchito). Zimaphatikiza jekeseni wa chinthu chotulutsa radioactive chomwe chikuwoneka pazithunzi ndi kujambula zithunzi ndi scanner.

Endoscopy / Fibroscopic: kufufuza komwe kumapangitsa kuti munthu athe kuwona momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa chubu chosinthika chotchedwa fiberscope kapena endoscope chomwe chili ndi makamera ang'onoang'ono. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira madera okayikitsa ndikuwongolera matenda a khansa.

Chisokonezo: kufufuza komwe kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa chidutswa cha minofu kapena chiwalo. Chidutswa chochotsedwacho chimawunikiridwa pang'ono ndi / kapena kuwunika kwachilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire mtundu wa khansa ya chotupa, mwachitsanzo.

Amygdalectomy : opaleshoni ya opaleshoni yomwe imakhala ndi kuchotsa matani. Amachitidwa mu 80% ya milandu yotsatira hypertrophy (matonsi aakulu kwambiri) omwe amaletsa mpweya ndipo motero amalepheretsa kupuma. Mu 20% ya milandu, zimatsatira mobwerezabwereza tonsillitis limodzi ndi ululu ndi malungo. Mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, iyi si ntchito yaing'ono: imafunika kuganiziridwa pazochitika ndi zochitika komanso kuyang'anitsitsa pambuyo pa opaleshoniyo (11).

Frenotomy : kudulidwa kwa frenum ya lilime. Kulowetsedwa kumasonyezedwa pa nkhani ya ankyloglossia. Amalola kutalika kwa frenulum kubwezeretsa ntchito za lilime. Itha kuchitidwa kwanuko pogwiritsa ntchito laser.

Phenectomy : kuchotsedwa kwa frenulum ya lilime. Kulowetsedwa kumasonyezedwa pa nkhani ya ankyloglossia. Amalola kuchotsa frenulum yomwe ili ndi zotsatira zobwezeretsanso ntchito za lilime. Itha kuchitidwa kwanuko pogwiritsa ntchito laser.

Pakamwa ndi erogenous zone, onse amuna ndi akazi, kuyambira unyamata. Ndi chizindikiro cha chiwerewere ndi kunyenga.

Pakamwa tingayerekeze ndi chitseko, kutulutsa mawu ndi mawu. Lingaliro limeneli la khomo timalipeza pamene mawu akuti pakamwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za mtsinje wa mtsinje (13).

Ku Igupto wakale, kunali chizolowezi kutsegula pakamwa pa wakufayo kuti moyo wake ubwerere ku thupi lake. Motero mzimu unasungidwa m’moyo wotsatira.