Phalaenopsis orchid

Ku Europe, adaphunzira za phalaenopsis kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX - mbewu yoyamba idabweretsedwa ku Old World ndi mlendo waku Germany Georg Rumph - adapeza chozizwitsa ichi pachilumba cha Indonesia cha Ambon, chomwe ndi gawo la Maluku. Zilumba.

Kwa zaka zoposa theka la zaka, kope ili ndilokhalo, ndipo mu 1752 m'busa wa ku Sweden Peter Osbek, yemwe anali kuchita ntchito yaumishonale ku Indonesia komweko, anapeza orchid ina - pachilumba chaching'ono. Anaumitsa ndi kutumiza herbarium kwa Carl Linnaeus, yemwe anafotokoza za zamoyo zatsopano m'buku lake lodziwika bwino la sayansi lakuti Species of Plants. Zowona, adamutcha epidendrum yokongola ( Epidendrum amabile ). Chilichonse chimamveka bwino ndi zokongola, ndipo mawu akuti "epidendrum" m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "pamtengo", omwe amawonetsa bwino kwambiri chikhalidwe cha zomera: m'chilengedwe, phalaenopsis ambiri ndi zomera za epiphytic, ndiko kuti, zimamera pamitengo.

Dzina lathu lodziwika bwino lakuti “phalaenopsis” linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’chaka cha 1825. Panthaŵiyo m’pamene mkulu wa bungwe la State Herbarium ku Leiden (Netherlands), Karl Blume, anatulukira, monga mwa nthawi zonse, pachilumba china chaching’ono cha ku Malay Archipelago, maluwa enanso a maluwa. mtundu uwu. Ankayang’ana m’nkhalango ya madzulo aja kudzera pa ma binoculars pamene gulu la agulugufe oyera linamugwira. Koma atafika pafupi, anapeza kuti ndi duwa. Pokumbukira kulakwa kwake, anatcha chomeracho phalaenopsis, chomwe m’Chigiriki chimatanthauza “ngati njenjete.” Umu ndi mmene limatchulidwirabe mpaka lero.

Mwachilengedwe, phalaenopsis imakula ku Philippines, Australia ndi Southeast Asia. Nthawi zambiri, amakhala pa mitengo ikuluikulu, yopezera chakudya chovunda organic zinthu mu mafoloko a nthambi ndi ming'alu mu mitengo ikuluikulu, ndi chinyezi kuchokera mlengalenga.

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya phalaenopsis

Gulu la Phalaenopsis limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 70 (1) (asayansi ena azitha kusiyanitsa mitundu 77, koma 7 mwa iwo saloledwa mwalamulo - sangakhale mitundu yosiyana, koma ma clones), amagawidwa mu 5 subgenera, ziwiri zomwe zimagawidwa. m'zigawo (2). Ambiri a iwo amakhala m’nkhalango za m’madera otentha, ena amamera m’miyala, ndipo palinso ena amene amakhala m’madera kumene kuli nyengo youma kapena yozizira. Ndipo izi zimasiya zotsatira zake paukadaulo waulimi.

Mu floriculture, phalaenopsis onse nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu asanu (5).

Mitundu ya phalaenopsis. Izi zikuphatikizapo zamoyo zachilengedwe zomwe sizinakhudzidwe ndi kusankha. Monga lamulo, angapezeke pakati pa osonkhanitsa - simungathe kuwapeza mu malonda ambiri.

Phalaenopsis Stuart (Phalaenopsis stuartiana). Masamba ake ndi variegated, ndipo mizu yake ndi silvery. Peduncle ndi yayitali komanso yanthambi (mpaka 80 cm), koma pamakhala maluwa ambiri - nthawi zina mpaka zidutswa 60 nthawi imodzi. Maluwa osakhwima oyera okhala ndi mawanga ofiira m'munsi, pakati pa duwalo pali milomo ya amber, yosinthika kukhala yofiirira.

Schiller's Phalaenopsis (Phalaenopsis schilleriana). Masamba ake ndi okongola, amitundu yosiyanasiyana - mawanga a silvery pamtundu wobiriwira wakuda, m'munsi mwa tsamba umatulutsa wofiira. Inflorescence imafika mpaka 50 cm, ndipo maluwa ang'onoang'ono (mpaka 7 cm) amapangidwa pamenepo. M'mikhalidwe yoyenera, duwali limaphuka mokongola komanso mwapadera.

Phalaenopsis pleasant (Phalaenopsis amabilis). Maluwa akuluakulu oyera mpaka 10 cm m'mimba mwake, pafupifupi zidutswa 20 zimamera pa peduncle. Masamba ndi minofu ndi oblong. Amapanga rosette ya masamba 3-5. Maluwa amaphuka limodzi ndi limodzi.

Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana (Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana). Orchid wokongola wokhala ndi masamba olimba owirikiza mpaka 25 cm. Nthawi zambiri palibe oposa 8 mwa iwo mu rosette. Maluwawo ndi oyera, ngati porcelain, okhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira, yofiirira ndi ya mgoza. Kununkhira kwamphamvu kwambiri komanso kwabwino!

Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi). Kuwoneka kothandiza kwambiri. Masamba ake ndi obiriwira, mpaka 22 cm. Maluwa amasonkhanitsidwa mu ma peduncles a maluwa 12 mpaka 4 cm mulitali, ndipo ndi amtundu wachilendo kwambiri: wobiriwira wachikasu wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira yofiirira. Komanso, ndi onunkhira.

Ma hybrids okhala ndi maluwa akuluakulu. Ili ndiye gulu lalikulu kwambiri lokha, ndi phalaenopsis awa omwe nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa m'minda yamaluwa. Osati odzichepetsa kwambiri, ngakhale oyamba kumene amatha kuwakulitsa mosavuta.

Mu gulu ili, mitundu yambiri yamitundu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagawidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa maluwa. M'masitolo athu, nthawi zambiri samawonetsa mayina amitundu, nthawi zambiri amalemba "kusakaniza" pamitengo yamitengo, kotero kulembedwa sikunayambe. Kotero apa pali mayina awo apadziko lonse (ngati mutafufuza pa intaneti, mutha kudziwa zomwe mumalima).

Zoyera:

• Crane ya Taisuco;
• Taisuco Kochdian;
• Cygnus;
• Yukimai;
• Sogo Musadian;
• Maloto Oyera;
• Florida Snow.

Pinki:

• Mkazi wa Pinki wa Nobby;
• Minho Valentine;
• Minho King Kukongola;
• Cinderella Watsopano;
• Taisuco Firebird;
• Sogo Smith.

Semi-yoyera (pamwamba ndi zam'mbali zimakhala zoyera, ndipo milomo ndi yamitundu):

• Luchia Lip;
• City Girl.

Mizeremizere:

• Sogo Mbidzi;
• Chih Shang Stripes;
• Chabwino Seveni.

Zowona:

• Mawanga a Carmela;
• Rousserole;
• Kusangalala kwa Soroa;
• Kalonga wa Leopard.

Ma hybrids atsopano. Kwa nthawi yayitali, phalaenopsis anali kugulitsidwa kokha mumithunzi yoyera ndi yapinki. Komabe, tsopano m'minda yamaluwa mungapeze chikasu, lalanje, ndi chofiira. Mitundu yotereyi mumitundu yamafakitale idawonekera posachedwa - idayamba kupezeka pafupifupi zaka 40 zapitazo. Ndipo ena a iwo atchuka kwambiri, amapezeka m'minda yathu.

Chachikasu:

• Carol Campbell;
• Emil Giles;
• M'bale Lawrence;
• Golide wa Taipei;
• Mabelu Agolide;
• Woyang'anira Sogo;
• M'bale Passat;
• Golden Amboin;
• Yellow Queen;
• Ching Her Buddha;
• dzuwa lagolide

Orange (pali mithunzi yambiri pano: mkuwa, mkuwa, wofiira wa dzimbiri - mithunzi iyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa chipululu kapena zojambulajambula):

• Sweet Memory;
• Zuma Aussie Chisangalalo;
• Kulipira Kulipira;
• M'bale Sara Gold.

Zofiira (pano mithunzi imachokera ku lalanje-wofiira mpaka lavender-burgundy):

• Cordova;
• Lonnie Morris;
• Sogo Pony;
• Sogo Rose;
• Sogo Mphesa;
• Sogo Prince;
• Golden Peoker.

Harlequins. Uwu ndi mzere watsopano womwe udawonekera ku Taiwan - maluwa a phalaenopsis awa ndi oyera kapena achikasu okhala ndi mawanga akulu pafupifupi akuda omwe amamwazika mwachisawawa pamitengo.

Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri:

• Kuwala kwa Ever-Spring;
• Yu Pin Pearl;
• Yu Pin Panda;
• Peacock Wowala.

Mitundu yambiri yamaluwa (multiflora). Gululi limaphatikizapo phalaenopsis yokhala ndi maluwa ambiri, omwe amakhala pama peduncles angapo, kapena panthambi imodzi.

Mitundu yotchuka:

• Kondwerani;
• Cassandra;
• Vilind;
• Carmela;
• Zuma,
• Timothy Christopher;
• Khalani Tris;
• Quevedo.

ma hybrids ang'onoang'ono. Uwu ndi mzere watsopano womwe udabwera podutsa mitundu yaying'ono ya Phalaenopsis. Ndipo m'gululi muli ma orchids odabwitsa kwambiri, chifukwa makolo awo kuthengo samakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, koma m'madera ozizira kapena owuma. Amakhala ndi nthawi yopumira, amafunikira nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri, izi ndi za olima maluwa odziwa bwino, ndikwabwino kwa oyamba kumene kuti asawayambitse.

Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri mu gulu ili:

• Micro Nova;
• Mini Mark
• Anna-Larati Soekardi.

Kusamalira phalaenopsis kunyumba

Phalaenopsis amaonedwa kuti ndi odzichepetsa kwambiri mwa ma orchids, komabe, pali zovuta zambiri pakukula kwawo.

Ground

Apa, chodabwitsa choyamba chimachitika kwa olima maluwa oyambira: palibe phalaenopsis sayenera kubzalidwa m'nthaka wamba! M'chilengedwe, samakumana nazo, chifukwa amakhala pamitengo (mitundu ina pamiyala). Choncho, gawo lapansi kwa iwo liyenera kukhala lapadera.

Chophweka njira ndi finely akanadulidwa paini khungwa. Larch ndi yabwino kwambiri - imakhala yolimba kwambiri. Koma gawo lapansi loterolo limauma mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa chake tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera sphagnum moss mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1 - imasunga madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso imakhala ndi bactericidal katundu ndikuteteza mizu kuti isawonongeke.

Khungwa ndi moss zikhoza kugulidwa ku sitolo. Kapena sonkhanitsani m'nkhalango, koma mu nkhani iyi, zosakaniza zonse ziyenera kuwiritsidwa, chifukwa zikhoza kukhala ndi tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Palinso njira ina yobzala - pamtengo wa khungwa (zowona, iyeneranso kuwiritsa). Pankhaniyi, phalaenopsis imamangiriridwa ku khungwa ndi waya, ndipo mizu imakulungidwa mu moss. Kapena samakutira, koma apa orchid iyenera kupopera kangapo patsiku.

kutentha

Kutentha koyenera kukulitsa Phalaenopsis (2):

• masana - 23 - 29 ° С;
• usiku - 18 ° С.

Ndiko kuti, kutentha kwa chipinda kumakhala koyenera kwa iye. Kwa kukula bwino. Koma osati maluwa - kuti phalaenopsis ikhale pachimake, muyenera kuigwira kwa milungu iwiri m'malo ozizira, ndi kutentha kwa 2 - 13 ° C. Zinthu zoterezi zimachitika pa khonde lowala mu September - tumizani orchid kumeneko. kwa masabata angapo, ndipo idzapereka mivi yamaluwa.

Koma panthawi ya maluwa, kutentha kumayenera kukhala kotentha nthawi zonse, pafupifupi 25 ° C. Ngati pali madontho akuthwa, phalaenopsis idzagwetsa masamba.

Kuunikira

Popeza mwachilengedwe ma orchids ali mu penumbra yamuyaya ya mitengo ikuluikulu, koma nthawi yomweyo m'malo otentha otentha, sill yazenera iyenera kukhala yopepuka, koma yopanda dzuwa, yomwe imatha kuwotcha mbewu zosakhwima. Komanso, ma orchids ndi amaluwa omwe amazolowera malo awo ndipo salola kusuntha komanso kukonzanso pawindo lina.

chinyezi

M'nkhalango zotentha pafupifupi chaka chonse chinyezi chomwecho - 100%. M'nyumba zamatawuni, makamaka nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumayaka, sikufika 25%. Izi sizokwanira, choncho phalaenopsis iyenera kupopera nthawi zambiri, koma izi ziyenera kuchitika m'mawa kuti masamba aume usiku. Kapena ikani pafupi ndi mapaleti amadzi.

Koma m'pofunika kunyowetsa gawo lapansi mwaluso: pakati pa kuthirira, kuyenera kuuma kwathunthu (2). Palibe vuto kuti mizu ikhale yonyowa nthawi zonse - idzavunda. Choncho, madzi ayenera kutsanulidwa mu poto mutatha kuthirira.

feteleza

Kwa phalaenopsis, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza apadera a orchids - amagulitsidwa m'masitolo.

Kudyetsa

Munthawi yakukula mwachangu, nthawi zambiri kuyambira Epulo mpaka Seputembala, phalaenopsis iyenera kudyetsedwa milungu iwiri iliyonse. M'nyengo yofunda - mu mlingo womwe wasonyezedwa mu malangizo. Koma ngati chipindacho chili chozizira, ndipo kunja kuli mitambo, ndiye kuti mlingowo uyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi theka (2).

Kubereka phalaenopsis kunyumba

Kunyumba, njira zitatu zofalitsira phalaenopsis zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ana. Iwo okha amatha kuwonekera pa peduncles pambuyo pa maluwa (kuphatikiza maluwa, amakhalanso ndi masamba obiriwira), koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Ngati muli ndi mwayi, muyenera kudikirira mpaka mizu yawo ikule mpaka 2 cm, yosiyana ndi peduncle ndikuyika mumphika watsopano.

Muvi wamaluwa. Kwa wamaluwa ena, njirayi imapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri - pafupifupi masamba onse ogona amadzuka. Kwa ena, zotsatira zake ndi zero, koma mulimonsemo, ndiyenera kuyesa.

Chofunika cha njirayi ndi chotere. Phalaenopsis itatha, peduncle imadulidwa pansi, kuthandizidwa ndi Epin ndikuyika mu botolo la pulasitiki. Sikoyenera kudula - khosi likhalebe. Madzi amatsanuliridwa mu botolo mpaka theka la kutalika kwa kudula, dontho la feteleza la ma orchid limawonjezeredwa. Chidebecho chimayikidwa pamalo otentha (ndikoyenera kuti kutentha ndi 29 - 30 ° C) pamalo owala bwino (koma osati padzuwa). Sikoyenera kutseka botolo ndi kapu.

Nthawi zonse padzakhala chinyezi chambiri mu botolo, ndikuphatikizana ndi kutentha kwakukulu, pali mwayi woti masambawo adzadzuke ndikupanga ma orchids atsopano.

Zidutswa za peduncle. Pankhaniyi, mivi yodulidwa-peduncle imadulidwa m'zigawo zingapo, kuti aliyense akhale ndi mphukira yosalala. Zigawo ziyenera kupakidwa bwino ndi makala ophwanyika (kapena kutsegulidwa) kuti zisawole.

Zodulidwazo zimayikidwa mu chidebe chapulasitiki chowonekera pamadzi a sphagnum moss, opopera ndi Epin ndikuphimba ndi chivindikiro. Ndikofunikira kuti moss azikhala wonyowa nthawi zonse. Ndipo nthawi zambiri pamafunika mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa impromptu kuti nkhungu isawonekere pamenepo.

M'pofunika kusunga zodula pamalo owala pa kutentha pamwamba pa 25 ° C.

Kukondoweza impso ndi cytokine phala. Pamenepa, ana amakula pa peduncle popanda kudula pachomera cha mayi.

Mfundo ndi iyi. Pa peduncle, muyenera kupeza mphukira yogona, pangani kadulidwe kakang'ono pansi pake pa peduncle ndi tsamba lakuthwa, kenako chotsani mosamala mamba ophimba ndi ma tweezers ndikupaka ndi phala la cytokine (litha kupezeka pa intaneti. masitolo) - amalimbikitsa kumera kwa masamba. Kuti mukhale odalirika, impso ziyenera kukulungidwa ndi moss ndi polyethylene - kuti zisaume.

Kawirikawiri, pambuyo pa chithandizo chotero, impso zimadzuka pa 7 - 10 tsiku. Izi zikachitika, polyethylene ndi moss zitha kuchotsedwa. Anawo akakhala ndi mizu, mubzale m’miphika yosiyana.

Kuyika phalaenopsis kunyumba

Phalaenopsis imamera mizu yamlengalenga pamwamba pa mphika, kotero kukula kwa chidebecho sikofunikira kwa iwo. Ma orchids awa amabzalidwa pamene gawo lapansi likuyamba kuwola - ngati, pakuthirira, tinthu tating'ono ta khungwa timayamba kuchotsedwa m'mabowo, ndiye nthawi yakwana. Monga lamulo, izi zimachitika pambuyo pa zaka 2-3.

Kubzala kumachitika bwino kumapeto kwa phalaenopsis pambuyo pozimiririka. Gawo lapansi liyenera kutengedwa latsopano, lakale silingagwiritsidwe ntchito (matenda amatha kubisalamo).

Sambani bwino mizu ya zotsalira za nthaka, yang'anani bwino, chotsani zowonongeka (zakuda, zouma, zowola, zachikasu). Sungani mabala ndi makala ophwanyidwa.

Ikani orchid mumphika (mutha kugwiritsa ntchito yakaleyo, koma iyenera kupha tizilombo), yongolani mizu ndikudzaza mosamala ma voids onse ndi gawo lapansi, koma osati mwamphamvu kuti mizu ipume.

Matenda a Phalaenopsis

Mlendo wopanda chidwi wa subtropics amatha kudwala ngati sakusamaliridwa bwino.

Brown spotting. Nthawi zambiri imakhudza maluwa a orchid - timadontho tofiirira kapena pinki timawonekera pamitengo (3). Mbali zina za zomera sizimakhudzidwa ndi matendawa. Imakula m'malo onyowa komanso ozizira.

Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, mankhwala a Rakurs kapena Topsin-M amagwiritsidwa ntchito (4).

Bakiteriya bulauni malo. Zimayamba ngati tidontho tating'ono tamadzi tobiriwira pamasamba. Matendawa akamakula, mawangawo amakhala okulirapo, mtundu wake umasintha kukhala bulauni. Pa phalaenopsis, matendawa amakula mwachangu ndipo posakhalitsa amakhudza malo okulirapo (3), kenako mbewuyo imatha kufa.

Ngati zotupazo ndi zazing'ono, zilonda ziyenera kudulidwa kuti zikhale zathanzi ndikuwaza ndi fumbi la malasha. Kenako samalirani mbewuzo ndi Racurs kapena Topsin-M (4).

Dzimbiri. Imawonekera pamasamba ngati mawanga, omwe amaphimbidwa mwachangu kwambiri ndi pachimake cha lalanje cha spores za bowa. Matendawa nthawi zambiri samayambitsa imfa, koma zomera zimatsalira kwambiri pa chitukuko ndipo zimaphuka bwino.

Pofuna kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala Ikarus, Farao, Falcon, Chistotsvet amagwiritsidwa ntchito (4).

Tizilombo ta Phalaenopsis

Spider mite. Nthawi zambiri zimakhudza masamba ndi masamba a phalaenopsis (3). Kubisala pamasamba kuchokera pansi. Zizindikiro zoyamba za matendawa ndi madontho owala ambiri pamasamba. Kenako masamba amawonekera pa iwo.

Kleshchevit ndi Fitoverm amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (4).

Nkhupakupa yofiyira yathyathyathya. Zimakhudza mitundu yambiri ya maluwa, kuphatikizapo phalaenopsis. Masamba owonongeka amakhala osalimba, okhuthala, ophimbidwa ndi zokutira zasiliva (3). Ndi matenda oopsa, amauma.

Thrips. Tizilombo tating'ono kwambiri tokhala ndi matupi opapatiza. Masamba amakhudzidwa - mizere ya madontho asiliva imawonekera pa iwo (3).

Pofuna kuthana ndi thrips, Actellik amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zishango ndi zishango zabodza. Izi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tophimbidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Amakhazikika pazitsamba zonse, koma makamaka amakonda kubisala mu axils wa masamba (3).

Tizirombo amachotsedwa ndi thonje swab choviikidwa mowa. Kenako mbewuyo imatsukidwa ndi madzi a sopo. Zotsalira za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono zimawonongedwa ndi Actellik.

Mealy bugs. Amawononga masamba, ndipo amatha kuzindikirika ndi phula lomwe limawoneka ngati zotupa za ubweya wa thonje.

Zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi sopo ndi madzi. Kenako utsi ndi mankhwala Aktara kapena Actellik (3). Bwerezani mankhwala pambuyo 2 milungu.

Mafunso ndi mayankho otchuka

Tinakambirana za zovuta za kukula kwa phalaenopsis ndi Agronomist-woweta Svetlana Mikhailova.

Magwero a

1. 1 Kachitidwe ka zomera. Phalaenopsis // The Plant List http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Orchidaceae/Phalaenopsis/
2. Phalaenopsis // Brooklyn Botanic Garden https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/phalaenopsis
3. Uvarov EV Orchids m'nyumba mwathu // Nyumba yosindikizira No. 2 ya Komiti ya Boma Yofalitsa ya RSFSR, 1989. - 96 p.
4. Gulu la boma la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals omwe avomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'gawo la Federation kuyambira pa Julayi 6, 2021 // Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Federation https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii - i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/