Mawu akuti “phobia” amatanthauza matenda osiyanasiyana a m’maganizo, monga agoraphobia, claustrophobia, social phobia, ndi zina zotero. phobia imadziwika ndi mantha opanda nzeru an makamaka mkhalidwe, monga kuopa kukwera chikepe, kapena a chinthu zenizeni, monga kuopa akangaude. Koma phobia ndi yopitilira mantha osavuta: ndi yeniyeni chisauko zomwe zimagwira anthu omwe akukumana nazo. Munthu waphobic ndi wabwino amadziwa za mantha ake. Choncho, iye amayesetsa kupewa, mwa njira zonse, zinthu mantha kapena chinthu.

Tsiku ndi tsiku, kuvutika ndi phobia kumatha kulepheretsa kapena kulepheretsa. Ngati ndi ophidiophobia, ndiko kunena kuti phobia ya njoka, munthuyo, mwachitsanzo, sadzakhala ndi vuto popewa nyama yomwe ikufunsidwa.

Kumbali ina, ma phobias ena amakhala ovuta kuwongolera tsiku ndi tsiku, monga kuopa anthu ambiri kapena kuopa kuyendetsa galimoto. Pankhaniyi, munthu waphobic amayesa, koma nthawi zambiri pachabe, kuti athetse nkhawa zomwe zimamupatsa. Nkhawa zomwe zimatsagana ndi phobia zimatha kusintha kukhala nkhawa ndikufooketsa munthu waphobic, mwakuthupi komanso m'maganizo. Amakonda kudzipatula pang’onopang’ono kuti asakumane ndi mavuto amenewa. Izi kupewa Zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zofunikira kwambiri pazantchito komanso / kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe akudwala phobia.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phobias. M'magulu, choyamba timapeza phobias yosavuta ndi phobias zovuta kumene makamaka agoraphobia ndi chikhalidwe phobia.

Pakati pa phobias zosavuta, timapeza:

• Ma phobias amtundu wa nyama zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mantha obwera ndi nyama kapena tizilombo;
• Phobias amtundu wa "chilengedwe chachilengedwe". zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mantha obwera chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe monga mabingu, utali kapena madzi;
• Phobias wa magazi, jakisoni kapena kuvulala zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mantha okhudzana ndi njira zamankhwala;
• Situation phobias zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mantha obwera chifukwa cha zochitika zina monga kukwera zoyendera za anthu onse, tunnel, milatho, maulendo apandege, zikepe, kuyendetsa galimoto kapena malo otsekeka.

Kukula

Malinga n’kunena kwa mabuku ena, ku France munthu mmodzi pa anthu 1 alionse amavutika ndi mantha¹⁰. Amayi angakhudzidwe kwambiri (akazi awiri kwa mwamuna mmodzi). Pomaliza, ma phobias ena amapezeka kwambiri kuposa ena ndipo ena amatha kukhudza achichepere kapena akulu kwambiri.

Mantha "wachibadwa" paubwana

Mwa ana, mantha ena amapezeka kawirikawiri ndipo ndi gawo la chitukuko chawo chachibadwa. Pakati pa mantha omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri, tikhoza kutchula: kuopa kulekana, kuopa mdima, kuopa zoopsa, kuopa nyama zazing'ono, ndi zina zotero.

Nthawi zambiri, mantha awa amawonekera ndikutha ndi ukalamba popanda kusokoneza moyo wa mwanayo. Komabe, ngati mantha ena akhazikitsidwa pakapita nthawi ndipo amakhudza kwambiri khalidwe ndi ubwino wa mwanayo, musazengereze kukaonana ndi dokotala wa ana.

matenda

Kuzindikira phobia, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti munthuyo wapereka mantha osalekeza zinthu zina kapena zinthu zina.

Munthu waphobic amawopa kukumana ndi zomwe amawopa kapena chinthu. Manthawa amatha msanga kukhala nkhawa yosatha yomwe nthawi zina imatha kukhala mantha. Nkhawa iyi imapangitsa munthu waphobic à pitani zinthu kapena zinthu zomwe zimachititsa mantha mwa iye, kudzera ngalande kupewa ndi / kapena kulimbikitsanso (peŵa chinthu kapena pempha munthu kuti akhalepo kuti atsimikizidwe).

Kuti muzindikire phobia, katswiri wazachipatala atha kunena za njira zodziwira phobia kuwonekera mu DSM IV (Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha - 4^st kope) kapena CIM-10 (Matenda a International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems – 10^st kubwereza). Akhoza kutsogolera a kuyankhulana kwachipatala kuti mupeze zizindikiro chiwonetsero cha phobia.

Mamba ambiri monga mantha Scale (FSS III) kapena kachiwiriMafunso a Mantha a Marks ndi Mattews, amapezeka kwa madokotala ndi akatswiri a maganizo. Iwo akhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti tsimikizani moona mtima matenda awo ndi kuunikamwamphamvu za phobia komanso zotsatira za izi zomwe zimatha kukhala nazo pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa wodwalayo.

Zimayambitsa

Phobia ndiyoposa mantha, ndi vuto lenileni la nkhawa. Ma phobias ena amakula mosavuta akadali aang'ono, monga nkhawa yopatukana ndi amayi (nkhawa yopatukana), pomwe ena amawonekera kwambiri akadali aunyamata. Ziyenera kudziwika kuti chochitika chokhumudwitsa kapena kupsinjika kwambiri kumatha kukhala komwe kumayambira kuwoneka kwa phobia.

The phobias zosavuta nthawi zambiri amakula ali mwana. Zizindikiro zoyambirira zimatha kuyambira zaka 4 mpaka 8. Nthaŵi zambiri, amatsatira chochitika chimene mwanayo amakumana nacho kukhala chosakondweretsa ndi chodetsa nkhaŵa. Zochitika izi zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kupita kuchipatala, katemera kapena kuyezetsa magazi. Ana omwe atsekeredwa m'malo otsekedwa komanso amdima pambuyo pa ngozi amatha kukhala ndi mantha am'malo otsekeka, otchedwa claustrophobia. N’kuthekanso kuti ana amayamba kuopa “pophunzira.² »Ngati akumana ndi anthu ena achiphobic m'mabanja awo. Mwachitsanzo, akakumana ndi wachibale amene amaopa mbewa, mwanayo angayambenso kuopa mbewa. Ndithudi, iye adzakhala ataphatikiza lingaliro lakuti kuli kofunika kuiopa.

Magwero a phobias ovuta ndi ovuta kuzindikira. Zinthu zambiri (neurobiological, genetic, psychological kapena chilengedwe) zikuwoneka kuti zimagwira nawo mawonekedwe awo.

Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti ubongo wa munthu uli m'njira "yokonzedweratu" kuti umve mantha ena (njoka, mdima, zopanda kanthu, ndi zina zotero). Zikuwoneka kuti mantha ena ndi mbali ya cholowa chathu chachibadwa ndipo ndithudi ndi izi zomwe zinatilola kuti tipulumuke m'malo onyansa (nyama zakutchire, zinthu zachilengedwe, etc.) momwe makolo athu adasinthira.

Matenda ogwirizana

Anthu omwe ali ndi phobia nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zovuta zina zamaganizidwe monga:

• matenda a nkhawa, monga mantha a mantha kapena mantha ena.
• maganizo.
• kumwa kwambiri zinthu zokhala ndi nkhawa monga mowa³.

Mavuto

Kuvutika ndi phobia kungakhale chilema chenicheni kwa munthu amene ali nacho. Matendawa amatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo pamalingaliro, chikhalidwe komanso moyo waukatswiri wa anthu omwe ali ndi phobias. Poyesa kulimbana ndi nkhawa yomwe imatsagana ndi phobia, anthu ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi nkhawa monga mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. N’kuthekanso kuti nkhawa imeneyi imasanduka mantha aakulu kapena matenda ovutika maganizo. Pazovuta kwambiri, phobia imathanso kupangitsa anthu ena kudzipha.