Malinga ndi ziwerengero, anthu oposa 75% a ku Russia amamwa soda yokoma nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo kumwa zakumwa za carbonated kumayandikira malita 28 pa munthu aliyense pachaka. Ngati nthawi zina mumafikira kola ndi zakumwa zofananira, zikutanthauza kuti mukudziwonetsa nokha ku 4-methylimidazole (4-INE) - kansajeni yomwe imatha kupangidwa popanga mitundu ina ya utoto wa caramel. Ndipo mtundu wa caramel ndiwofala kwambiri ku Coca-Cola ndi zakumwa zina zakuda zakuda.
Ofufuza azaumoyo wa anthu adasanthula zomwe zimachitika pamunthu chifukwa chamtundu wina wamtundu wa caramel. Zotsatira za kafukufuku zimasindikizidwa mu PLOS chimodzi.
Deta yowunikira kwambiri 4-INE mu zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi 11 zinasindikizidwa koyamba ogula malipoti mu 2014. Malingana ndi deta iyi, gulu latsopano la asayansi lotsogoleredwa ndi gulu lochokera Johns Zikwangwani Center chifukwa a Wofunika tsogolo (Mtengo wa CLF) adawunikidwa 4-INE kuchokera ku mtundu wa caramel womwe umapezeka muzakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi ndipo wawonetsa kuopsa kwa khansa komwe kumakhudzana ndi kumwa kosalekeza kwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa ku United States.
Zinapezeka kuti ogula zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi ali pachiwopsezo chosafunikira cha khansa chifukwa cha zomwe amaziwonjezera pazakumwazi chifukwa cha zokongoletsa. Ndipo chiopsezochi chikhoza kupewedwa mwa kupewa koloko. Malinga ndi olemba a phunziroli, kuwonetseredwa uku kumayambitsa chiopsezo ku thanzi la anthu ndipo kumabweretsa funso la kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa caramel mu zakumwa za carbonated.
Mu 2013 ndi koyambirira kwa 2014 ogula malipoti mogwirizana ndi Mtengo wa CLF anasanthula ndende 4-INE 110 zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi zogulidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa ku California ndi New York. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti milingo 4-INE zimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa chakumwa, ngakhale pakati pa mtundu womwewo wa soda, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa zitsanzo za Diet Coke.
Deta yatsopanoyi imalimbitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti anthu omwe amamwa mowa wambiri wa carbonated mopanda chifukwa amawonjezera chiopsezo chokhala ndi khansa.