Peyala yamtengo wapatali

Aliyense amadziwa cactus iyi yokhala ndi zipatso zodyedwa. Peyala ya prickly imakhala ndi mphukira zosalala, zowutsa mudyo za mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena oval, mtundu wa makutu kapena makeke athyathyathya. Amakula kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake mosiyanasiyana, kupanga ma silhouette odabwitsa. Zimachitika kuti munthu wapaulendo amene wagwera m’nkhalango zotere sikophweka n’komwe kutulukamo. 

Mphukira za prickly peyala, monga cacti onse, zimakhala ndi ma halos - masamba osinthika kwambiri a axillary okhala ndi minga yayitali yakuthwa ndi minga yopyapyala - glochidia. Ma villi awa ndi opusa kwambiri. Pamapeto pake, ali ndi tinthu tating'ono, ngati mutu wa muvi. Akakumana ndi khungu, amathyoka ndikukakamira, zomwe zimayambitsa kuyabwa ndi kuyabwa.  

Maluwa a peyala amakhala okha, osasunthika, akulu komanso owoneka bwino, amafanana ndi maluwa. Mtundu ndi woyera, wachikasu, lalanje, wofiira mumithunzi yosiyana.

Zipatso zake ndi zazikulu, zotsekemera komanso zokhala ndi minga kunja. Asonkhanitseni magolovesi olimba. Mbewu ndi zakuda, zozungulira, ndi chigoba cholimba (1). 

M'madera otentha ndi otentha, prickly peyala imabzalidwa ngati chomera cha chakudya ndi chakudya - ichi ndi chakudya chokondedwa cha abulu. Mphukira zazing'ono, zosenda minga ndi glochidia, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masamba - zatsopano, zokazinga, zophika, zokazinga. Zipatso zazikulu zotsekemera, ngakhale zimakhala zovuta kuziyeretsa, komanso mbewu zambiri zolimba ngati kachigawo kakang'ono, ndizokoma m'mayiko ambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera molasses, kupanikizana, kupanikizana kwaiwisi, marmalade, marshmallow, zipatso zouma, zakumwa - madzi, madzi ndi vinyo. Pachilumba cha Malta, makampani angapo amatulutsa mowa wotsekemera wa Baitra (Bajtra) kuchokera ku zipatso za peyala, zomwe alendo amapita nazo.

Osati wopanda prickly peyala ndi mankhwala. Madzi a mitundu ina yake amachiritsa mabala. Minofu mphukira mu wowerengeka mankhwala ntchito compresses ndi pa matenda amayaka.

Mkati mwa mphukira zakale za prickly peyala sizowola nkhuni - zolimba, koma nthawi yomweyo porous ndi zokhotakhota. Zoyikapo nyali, zolembera, zodzikongoletsera zopukutidwa zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo.

M'minda yokongoletsera, peyala ya prickly imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawonekedwe m'minda ndi m'mapaki, komanso m'mipanda.

Monga chobzala m'nyumba, peyala ya prickly yadziwika kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 2, koma m'nyumba imaphuka monyinyirika komanso pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino, ndipo, monga lamulo, samabala zipatso. Komabe, m'minda yozizira komanso nyumba zotenthetsera zokhala ndi makhoma zanyumba zazing'ono ndi nyumba zakumidzi, mwayi wawo wokhala ndi moyo wonse wa mphukira umawonjezeka kwambiri, makamaka ndi kuwunikira kowonjezera (XNUMX).

Zomera zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimaphukira zikafika zaka 10 kapena kuposerapo.

Chochititsa chidwi

Malinga ndi nthano yakale, Aaziteki atatopa ndi kuyendayenda kwautali m'mapiri, adayima m'mphepete mwa nyanja yokongola ya Texcoco ndipo adawona chiwombankhanga chikung'amba njoka pa peyala yaikulu ya prickly. Icho chinali chizindikiro chabwino cha milungu ndipo fuko linayambitsa mzinda wa Tenochtitlan pano - "Malo a peyala yopatulika ya prickly" - Mexico City yamakono. Tsopano chochitika ichi cha nthano chikuwonetsedwa pa chovala chankhondo cha Mexico.

Mitundu ya prickly peyala

Mitundu yopitilira 350 ya peyala ya prickly imadziwika m'chilengedwe. Koma ochepa chabe a iwo ntchito chikhalidwe.

Peyala yamtengo wapatali (Opuntia microdasys). Chomera chokhala ndi nthambi zolimba mpaka 60 cm kutalika kwa floriculture yamkati. Tsinde limapangidwa ndi magawo obiriwira obiriwira obiriwira mpaka 15 cm kutalika ndi ma halos-pads ambiri amitundu yowoneka bwino ya glochidia - yachikasu, yofiyira ndi yoyera ngale (mawonekedwe). Albinospina). Maluwa ndi achikasu. Zipatso ndi zazikulu zofiira.

Opuntia Bergera (Opuntia bergeriana). Imakula mpaka 1 m. Mphukira ndi elongated, kuwala wobiriwira, ndi yaitali yellow spines. Limamasula akadali aang'ono, ndipo mochuluka. Maluwa ndi ofiira lalanje ndi pistil wobiriwira.

Tsitsi loyera la peyala (Opuntia leucotricha). Zidutswa za tsinde ndi zazitali - mpaka 25 cm. Mbali yamtunduwu ndi minga yoyera yayitali, yomwe mphukira zonse zimakhala ndi madontho. Maluwa ndi ang'onoang'ono, achikasu agolide.

Prickly Peyala (Opuntia cylindrica). Zomera ndi cylindrical zimayambira atypical kwa prickly peyala, iwo amatchedwanso pterocactus.

Opuntia Indian, kapena mkuyu (Opuntia ficus-indica). Thunthu lake ndi lamitengo pansi. Akuwombera azitona wobiriwira. Ma spines ambiri a kirimu amapezeka pama halos ang'onoang'ono. Maluwa ndi amber owala, okhala ndi mtundu wagolide. M'chilengedwe, amapereka zokolola zabwino za zipatso zokoma kwambiri komanso zonunkhira.

Peyala Gosselin (Opuntia gosseliniana). Zomera zimayamba kuphuka kuyambira zaka 5. Mphukira zazing'ono za peyala zimakhala zofiira, mwa akuluakulu zimakhala zobiriwira zabuluu ndi sheen ya silvery. Gawo lapamwamba lokhalo la zigawozo ndi lodzaza ndi misana yofewa yaitali. Maluwa ndi achikasu, onunkhira.

Kusamalira prickly peyala kunyumba

Peyala ya prickly ndi yosavuta kukula ndipo imasintha bwino mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. M'nyengo yachilimwe, ndikofunika kuti musamutsire mpweya wabwino - ku khonde kapena ngakhale ku kanyumba ka chilimwe. Pakuphukira ndi kutulutsa maluwa, mbewu sizingasinthidwenso m'malo osiyanasiyana, zomwe zingawononge maluwa (3).

Ground

Kwa peyala ya prickly, dothi lapadera la cacti ndi zokometsera kapena nthaka yosakaniza zotsatirazi ndizoyenera: nthaka ya soddy, mchenga wouma, miyala yabwino kapena dongo lowonjezera (2: 3: 1) ndikuwonjezera dongo (4).

Kuunikira

Large wathanzi prickly peyala zomera anapanga kokha ndi kuunikira kwambiri. Malo abwino kwambiri ndi zenera lakumwera kapena pafupi nalo, lotetezedwa ku dzuwa (4).

kutentha

M'nyengo yozizira, peyala ya prickly imasungidwa kutentha kwa 5 - 15 ° C ndi nthaka yotsika ndi chinyezi cha mpweya. Pa kutentha kwambiri, zomera zimatambasula ndi kufooketsa. 

M'chilimwe, kutentha kwabwino ndi 23 - 30 ° C, koma kwenikweni, zomera zimalekerera kutentha kosiyanasiyana (4). 

chinyezi

Cacti amalekerera bwino chilala ndipo ngakhale kunyumba amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali popanda kuthirira. Chifukwa chake, amathiridwa madzi ambiri, koma kawirikawiri: 

• pa nthawi ya kukula - 1 nthawi m'masiku 10 - 15, kutengera kutentha ndi kuyanika kwa nthaka;
• m'nyengo yozizira - 1 nthawi m'masiku 20 - 25 (mpaka kuthirira kotsatira, nthaka ikhale youma, kutentha kochepa, kuthirira kumayimitsidwa). 

Gwiritsani ntchito madzi okhazikika okha. M'pofunika kuthirira madzi kuchokera kuthirira m'mphepete mwa mphika kuti madzi asagwere pa zomera. 

Ndipo komabe, oddly mokwanira, prickly peyala, ndi cacti ena, nawonso, amakonda kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, chifukwa m'chilengedwe m'mawa uliwonse iwo yokutidwa ndi ting'onoting'ono madontho a mame. Choncho, nthawi ndi nthawi amafunika kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mudzafunika sprayer yabwino ya nkhungu. Chitinicho chimadzazidwa ndi madzi ofunda (30 - 35 ° C), chikapopera, chimazizira.

Chipinda chimene peyala ya prickly imamera iyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino nthawi zonse (4).

Feteleza ndi feteleza

Peyala yamtengo wapatali, monga ma cacti ambiri, kuyambira masika mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, kamodzi pamwezi, amadyetsedwa ndi feteleza wovuta wa mchere wa cacti ndi succulents kapena feteleza wamadzi wa cacti. Manyowa achilengedwe sali oyenera kwa anthu okhala m'chipululu. Zothetsera zimakonzedwa motsatira malangizo. 

Kubereketsa kumayimitsidwa m'dzinja (2).

Kukonza

Kudulira pafupipafupi sikofunikira. Zimachitika pokhapokha ngati cactus ikufunika thandizo, kapena kusintha mawonekedwe a mmera, ndikuupatsa mawonekedwe okongola kapena kungochepetsa kukula kwake. Nthawi zambiri mphukira zoduliridwa zimatambasulidwa ikatha nyengo yachisanu (2).

Kubalana prickly peyala kunyumba

Zodula. Iyi ndiyo njira yaikulu. Mphukira zazing'ono zimadulidwa poyambira, zowumitsidwa kwa masiku 1-3 mumthunzi ndikubzalidwa kuti zimere mizu, kuzama pang'ono, mu chisakanizo chosawilitsidwa cha peat ndi mchenga (1: 1). Gawo lapansi limanyowa pang'ono, ndipo chidebe chokhala ndi zomera chimakutidwa ndi filimu yopyapyala kapena nsalu yopanda nsalu pa chimango. Kutentha kumasungidwa pa 20 ° C. 

Pamene masamba atsopano awonekera pa chogwirira, amabzalidwa mumphika wokhazikika.

Mbewu. Mbeu za peyala zimakhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba kwambiri, choncho ziyenera kuopsezedwa musanafese - pangani nsonga zazing'ono ndi fayilo ya msomali. Ndiye njerezo zimaviikidwa kwa mphindi 30 mu njira ya pinki ya potaziyamu permanganate ndipo pambuyo pake kwa maola 12 m'madzi ofunda, ndikusintha kangapo. Pambuyo pokonzekera kotere, mbewu zimafesedwa munthaka yowuma ya zomwezo ndipo chidebecho chimakutidwa ndi galasi. Kenako, gawo lapansi limapopera nthawi ndi nthawi. Kutentha kumasungidwa pa 22 ° C. 

Kumera kumatha kutenga mwezi umodzi ndipo ndikofunikira kuti mbeu zisawole. Mbande zomwe zakula zimamira m’miphika ing’onoing’ono (2).

Opuntia kumuika kunyumba

Mapeyala aang'ono amabzalidwa chaka chilichonse kapena chaka chilichonse, akuluakulu - kamodzi pa zaka 4 - 5, pamene akukula kapena gawo lapansi litatha.

Kubzalanso cacti ndikosavuta kuposa mbewu zina zamkati, mizu yawo imamasulidwa mosavuta m'nthaka ndipo kupulumuka nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera. 

Nthawi yabwino yomuika ndi kumapeto kwa dzinja. Kuthirira kuyenera kuyimitsidwa mkati mwa sabata. Mphika watsopano m'mimba mwake uyenera kukhala wamkulu 2 - 3 cm kuposa woyamba. Zomera zimayikidwa pamlingo wa khosi la mizu. 

Kuthira kumatha kusinthidwa ndi kutumizidwa m'mitsuko yayikulu ndikusunga dongo.

Zomera zobzalidwa zimayamba kuthirira pakadutsa masiku 10 mpaka 12 (5).

prickly peyala matenda

Cacti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda okhudzana ndi thupi - osapatsirana omwe amakula pansi pazikhalidwe zosayenera kwa zomera. Mpweya wosasunthika m'chipinda chopanda mpweya wabwino, chinyezi chachikulu cha mpweya ndi nthaka, makamaka pa kutentha kochepa, zimathandiza kuti pakhale kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa matenda. 

Zizindikiro zazikulu za matenda:

Mawanga a bulauni pa mphukira. Chifukwa chake ndikuthirira kwambiri.

Magawo omwe akhudzidwawo amadulidwa kukhala minofu yathanzi ndikuthandizidwa ndi malasha ophwanyidwa.

Masamba okwinya. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa chosowa kuwala kapena chinyezi chochulukirapo. 

Ndibwino kuti mukonzenso mbewu pamalo owala ndikusintha kuthirira.

Kuchepetsa kukula. Zotsatira za chinyezi chochuluka m'nyengo yozizira ndi (kapena) kusowa kwa michere, kuphatikizapo kufufuza zinthu. 

Kuthirira koyenera ndi kuthirira feteleza nthawi zonse kudzakonza vutoli.

Zomera zofooka zimatha kutenga matenda oyamba ndi fungus: choipitsa mochedwa (kuwola konyowa) ndi phomosis(zowola). Pofuna kuwateteza, fungicides amagwiritsidwa ntchito - Bordeaux osakaniza, Fundazol, Polyhom (3).

Tizilombo ta peyala

Tizilombo ta prickly peyala ndi akangaude ndi mealybugs, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhazikika pa mphukira, ndi nematodes pamizu. Kuyendera zomera nthawi zonse kudzakuthandizani kuti muzindikire mwamsanga maonekedwe a tizirombo ndikuchitapo kanthu.

Spider mite. Imachulukana mwachangu pamalo owuma, opanda mpweya wabwino. Iwo amadya selo kuyamwa kwa zomera, makamaka achinyamata mphukira. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu, prickly peyala imasiya kukula, ndipo mtundu wa mphukira umasintha kukhala wachikasu kapena wofiira. 

Acaricides ndi oyenera kuchiza: Neoron, Sunmite, etc. - malinga ndi malangizo.

Mealybug. Ndi kudzikundikira kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, cacti ikuwoneka ngati yawaza ndi ufa. Ziphuphu zoyera za ovipositions zimawonekeranso bwino. 

Kumayambiriro kwa infestation, tizilombo ndi mazira amatha kutsukidwa ndi burashi yonyowa. Zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri zimathandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo - Actellik, Fufanon (6), etc., ndikukutidwa ndi pulasitiki kwa tsiku limodzi.

Motsutsa nematode nthaka imakhetsedwa kawiri, ndi nthawi ya 7 - 10 masiku, ndi nematicides (Vidat, Nematofagin-Mikopro, etc.), malinga ndi malangizo. Shchitovok makamaka anachotsa umakaniko, ndiyeno mphukira osambitsidwa ndi ofooka njira ya potaziyamu permanganate (3).

Chochititsa chidwi

Posachedwapa, ku Mexico, minda yonse ya peyala ya prickly idakula kuti ibereke nsabwe zamtundu - cochineal, zomwe utoto wamtengo wapatali wa rasipiberi - carmine unapezedwa. Kubwera kwa utoto wopangidwa, kuchepetsedwa kwa cochineal kwatsika kwambiri, koma carmine yachilengedwe imagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'mafakitale azakudya ndi mafuta onunkhiritsa, komanso pofufuza zasayansi yazachilengedwe komanso kudetsa makonzedwe a histological kuti ayesedwe ndi maikulosikopu. 

Mafunso ndi mayankho otchuka

Anayankha mmene mafunso a maluwa alimi za prickly peyala candi. s.-x. Sayansi Irina Titova.

Magwero a

1. Takhtajan AL Moyo wa zomera, voliyumu 5 (1) // M .: Maphunziro, 1982
2. Peyala ya Kulish SV Prickly. Kalozera wothandiza. Mndandanda: Zomera zodziwika kwambiri zamkati padziko lapansi // M .: AST / Stalker, 2005 - 2008
3.  Semenov DV Cacti ndi zokometsera zina // M.: Fiton +, 2013
4. Semenov DV cacti. Buku lathunthu // M.: AST-Press, 2004
5. Udalova RA, Vyugina NG In the world of cacti // M.: Nauka, 1983
6. Gulu la boma la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals omwe amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo la Federation kuyambira pa Julayi 6, 2021 // Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Federation

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