Mavuto ndi Zoyembekeza Zachitukuko cha Post-Soviet Education System

Kuyambira kugwa kwa USSR, dongosolo la maphunziro silinasinthe. Ubwinowu umaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira zadongosolo lino. Ngakhale kusintha kulikonse kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kusowa kwachuma kwanthawi zonse, dongosololi linapitirizabe kugwira ntchito. Koma, mwatsoka, m’nkhani zambiri za kachitidwe ka maphunziro, sitinapite patsogolo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma m’malo mwake tibwerera m’mbuyo. Dongosolo lamakono la maphunziro kwenikweni silimaganizira njira zamagulu amagulu ndipo ndi lotsika ngakhale dongosolo la AJesuit mu izi. Komanso, izi ndi mmene osati dongosolo maphunziro pambuyo Soviet. Kuphunzira bwino kusukulu sikutsimikiziranso kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino m'moyo ndi ntchito zaukadaulo; m'malo mwake, pali ngakhale kulumikizana kosiyana. Tiyenera kuvomereza poyera kuti zoposa 50% ya chidziwitso choperekedwa ndi sukulu yamakono chimakhala chopanda ntchito.

Inde, ndi bwino kudziŵa ndi mtima mabuku onse a IV a “Nkhondo ndi Mtendere” (ndikunena kuti ndikudziwa ndi mtima, chifukwa sindinaonepo mwana wokhoza kumvetsa ntchitoyi, koma sindingathe ngakhale kulingalira chinthu choterocho. ); komanso kudziwa momwe mungachitire panthawi ya kuphulika kwa atomiki ndikutha kuvala chigoba cha gasi ndi zida zotetezera mankhwala; kudziwa mfundo ya electromagnetic induction; athe kuthana ndi ma equations ophatikizika ndikuwerengera malo ozungulira a cone; kudziwa kapangidwe ka molekyulu ya parafini; tsiku la kuwukira kwa Spartacus; etc. etc. Koma, choyamba, osachepera awiri mwa magawo atatu a nzika pafupifupi (onse anaphunzira kusukulu), kupatula kuvala chigoba mpweya (mwachinthu mwachilengedwe), iwo sadziwa chilichonse cha pamwamba, ndipo kachiwiri, ndi zosatheka kudziwa chilichonse, makamaka popeza kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso m'gawo lililonse kukuchulukirachulukira. Ndipo, monga mukudziwa, wanzeru si amene amadziwa zonse, koma ndi amene amadziwa zoyenera.

Sukuluyi iyenera kumaliza maphunziro a anthu, choyamba, omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino m'maganizo ndi m'thupi, okhoza kuphunzira, ogwirizana ndi anthu komanso opikisana pa msika wa ntchito (okhala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri kuti apindule bwino). Ndipo osati iwo amene anaphunzitsa «Nkhondo ndi Mtendere», apamwamba masamu, chiphunzitso cha ubale, DNA kaphatikizidwe, ndipo, ataphunzira kwa zaka 10 (!), popeza samadziwa kalikonse, iwo sadziwa, chifukwa chake. amene, akamaliza maphunziro, angapeze ntchito kupatulapo mwina pa malo omanga monga mthandizi (ndiponso ndani?). Kapena mutatha kuphunzira kwa zaka 4-5, pitani kukagwira ntchito ndi munthu wina, ndikupeza ndalama (zoyamikiridwa pamsika wa antchito) ngakhale zochepa kuposa wogwira ntchito pamalo omanga.

Chisonkhezero cha ntchito yabwino ya mphunzitsi n’choipa. Dongosolo lamakono la maphunziro sililimbikitsa ntchito yabwino ya mphunzitsi mwanjira iliyonse, ndipo silimasiyanitsa malipiro malinga ndi ntchito yabwino. Koma ntchito yabwino, yapamwamba imafuna nthawi yochuluka ndi khama kwa mphunzitsi. Mwa njira, kuwunika kwa wophunzira ndiko kuyesa ntchito ya mphunzitsi, pakali pano palibe kumvetsetsa kwa izi pakati pa aphunzitsi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pamene aphunzitsi akugwira ntchito moipitsitsa, amawotcha kwambiri magiredi a ophunzira, nthawi zambiri makolo a ophunzirawa amapita kukacheza, ndipo, monga lamulo, osati "opanda kanthu": amavomerezana pa maphunziro abwino kapena perekani kwa mphunzitsiyo pomuphunzitsa kapena nthawi yowonjezereka . Dongosololi limapangidwa ndipo limagwira ntchito mwanjira yoti ndi yopindulitsa mwachindunji kugwira ntchito moyipa. Kudutsa dongosolo lotero la maphunziro a sekondale, ngakhale poyamba athanzi, osati ana opusa ndi olenga, m'malo mokonzekera, amalandira chitetezo cholimba ku njira yamaphunziro yopezera chidziwitso. Maphunziro ochititsa chidwi komanso osavuta kumva kusukulu, m'zaka zaposachedwa, asinthidwa kukhala "anthu amalingaliro amunthu."

Ndipo sizokhudza ndalama, koma za dongosolo la maphunziro palokha. Mwachiwonekere, kwa chuma chamakono ndi kupanga, maphunziro ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo, kwenikweni, chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Choncho, ndithudi, ndalama za boma za maphunziro ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Komabe, kuwonjezeka koteroko kwa ndalama za maphunziro, pansi pa dongosolo lamakono, kungangowonjezera kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa zokolola zake. Chifukwa, ndikubwereza, kusowa kwathunthu kwa chilimbikitso cha ogwira ntchito zamaphunziro kuti azigwira ntchito moyenera. Potengera izi, chiyembekezo chokhacho ndi chofuna kugwira ntchito molimbika, kupanga zodetsa zachilengedwe komanso kutumiza kunja kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Zomwe zili mu maphunziro sizimakwaniritsa zosowa zamakono za munthu, choncho boma. Chilimbikitso cha phunziro la mwana, ngati pambuyo zaka 10 kuphunzira handyman amatuluka malo yomanga, ndipo patapita zaka 5, yemwe ali yemweyo ngati handyman kapena zochepa ofunika msika ntchito.

Chifukwa chake, maphikidwewo ndi ofanana ndi dongosolo lonse la Stalinist. Ndilosavuta, lodziwikiratu, ndipo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mbali zonse za ntchito, zotetezedwa ndi lamulo, ndi kulimbikitsidwa m’njira iliyonse. Njira imodzi komanso yabwino kwambiri ili ndi mawu akuti: "Kugwira ntchito bwino kuyenera kukhala kopindulitsa, koma osachita bwino", ndipo kumatchedwa mfundo ya mpikisano. Rapid chitukuko, ndi chitukuko cha maphunziro ambiri, komanso mbali ina iliyonse ya ntchito, n'zotheka kokha pamene anasonkhezereka - bwino likukula, ndipo mogwirizana, kunyalanyazidwa - choipitsitsa akulandidwa chuma. Funso lalikulu ndiloti mwamsanga, popanda kutayika, komanso popanda kuwononga dongosolo lomwe liripo la maphunziro a sekondale, kukonzekera mpikisano wazinthu mu dongosolo lino? Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchitoyi, kwenikweni, ndikutsimikizira kuthetsa kwa nkhaniyi. Chifukwa chake, ndikuyesa kunena kuti sizovuta. Boma limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zina pa maphunziro a wophunzira mmodzi (kuchuluka kwa ndalama za bajeti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mabuku, kukonza sukulu, malipiro a aphunzitsi, etc., kugawidwa ndi chiwerengero cha ophunzira). Ndikofunikira kuti ndalamazi zitumizidwe ku sukulu yophunzitsa yomwe wophunzirayo asankhe kuti adzalandire maphunziro m'chaka chotsatira. Mosasamala kanthu za umwini wa bungwe la maphunziro ili, kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa malipiro owonjezera a maphunziro mmenemo. Nthawi yomweyo, masukulu aboma sayenera kulipiritsa ndalama zowonjezera kuchokera kwa makolo, zomwe tsopano zimachitidwa ndi iwo, popeza zidapangidwa ndendende kuti zitsimikizire maphunziro aulere. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, madera amadera ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wopanga masukulu awoawo, omwe kupereka maphunziro aulere athunthu (mwachindunji kwa makolo) sungagwire ntchito (ngati mwayi wopeza maphunziro) ukhoza, pa pempho la dera lawo. imaperekedwa mwadongosolo kwa ana amitundu yonse ya anthu). Chifukwa chake, mabungwe amaphunziro aboma amakhala mpikisano wachindunji wina ndi mnzake komanso ndi "masukulu osankhika", chifukwa chomwe amalandila chilimbikitso chogwira ntchito (chomwe chilibenso) komanso chiyembekezo chosiya kukhala matope, ndipo pamapeto pake, kukhala ophunzira. mabungwe. Mikhalidwe ikupangidwa pomanga masukulu atsopano ndi madera (mtundu wa umwini). Ndipo boma lili ndi mwayi kukhudza mitengo ya «sukulu osankhika» poyambitsa malire pazipita kwa chindapusa tuition, pamene boma subsidizes maphunziro m'mabungwe awa maphunziro, ndi (kapena) kuthekera kuthetsa kalasi dongosolo la «sukulu osankhika. » powalowetsa (ndi chilolezo chawo) ) malo enaake ophunzirira ana a nzika zosauka. «Masukulu osankhika» amapeza mwayi ndi chilimbikitso kuti ntchito zawo zitheke. Kenako, nzika zambiri zidzalandira maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Choncho, n'zotheka kwenikweni kuonetsetsa ndi kuonjezera luso la kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za bajeti.

Kuti tikwaniritse osachepera pang'ono ovomerezeka mlingo wa kuthekera makono kupanga, maphunziro apakhomo amafuna mwamsanga kusintha, onse mu dongosolo ndalama ndi mu mawonekedwe ndi zili maphunziro, pamapeto pake, cholinga chokha choyamba ndi kupereka chachiwiri. ndi chachitatu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusintha kumeneku sikungakhale kopindulitsa kwa akuluakulu ambiri, chifukwa kumawalepheretsa ntchito yogawa zinthu, zomwe zimachitika motsatira mfundo yosavuta - "ndalama zimatsatira mwanayo."

Chitsanzo choonekeratu cha dongosolo la maphunziro lamakonoli ndi mawu onenedwa ndi mphunzitsi wamkulu wa pasukulupo, Viktor Gromov: “kunyozetsedwa kwa chidziwitso pachokha monga chitsimikizo cha chipambano ndi onyamula chidziŵitso, aphunzitsi ndi asayansi.”

M'pofunika kuphunzitsa, choyamba, luso ndi luso logwira ntchito ndi chidziwitso, mwachitsanzo:

- Kuwerenga mwachangu, mfundo zoyendetsera semantic ndikuloweza mwachangu zolemba ndi mitundu ina yazidziwitso ndi 100% (izi ndizotheka, koma izi ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa); luso lolemba.

- Kutha kudziletsa ndikuwongolera nthawi yanu.

- Kutha kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuti athandizire zochitika zenizeni (osati chidziwitso chachabechabe cha izo).

- Kuganiza mwanzeru ndi kulingalira.

- Chidziwitso cha psyche yaumunthu (chidwi, chifuniro, kuganiza, kukumbukira, etc.).

- makhalidwe; ndi luso loyankhulana ndi anthu ena (luso loyankhulana).

Izi ndi zomwe ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa kusukulu, komanso mogwira mtima komanso mwadongosolo.

Ndipo ngati munthu ayenera kudziwa chilinganizo kuwerengera ofananira nawo pamwamba pa chulucho, iye adzafuna kuwerenga «Nkhondo ndi Mtendere», kudziwa English, kuphunzira German, Polish kapena Chinese, «1C Accounting», kapena C ++ chilankhulo cha pulogalamu. Kenako ayenera, choyamba, kukhala ndi luso lofunikira kuti azichita mwachangu komanso moyenera, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chomwe wapeza ndi phindu lalikulu - chidziwitso chomwe ndicho chinsinsi chakuchita bwino pantchito iliyonse.

Ndiye, kodi ndizotheka m'mikhalidwe yamakono kupanga dongosolo lopangira maphunziro apamwamba? - Mwina. Monga kupanga njira yabwino yopangira zinthu zina zilizonse. Kuti tichite zimenezi, monga m'dera lina lililonse, mu maphunziro m'pofunika kulenga mikhalidwe imene yabwino akulimbikitsidwa, ndi zoipa kwambiri amalandidwa chuma - ntchito yogwira mtima imalimbikitsidwa chuma.

Ndondomeko yoperekedwa yogawa chuma cha boma yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa maphunziro ndi yofanana ndi inshuwaransi yaumoyo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayiko otukuka - pali inshuwaransi inayake yomwe imaperekedwa ku bungwe lomwe nzikayo imasankha. Mwachibadwa, boma, monga m'munda wa zamankhwala, limasungira ntchito yolamulira ndi kuyang'anira. Chifukwa chake, nzika zomwe, posankha, zimalimbikitsa mabungwe abwino kwambiri omwe amapereka ntchito zawo pamlingo wabwino kwambiri wamtengo wapatali. Pankhaniyi, pali ndalama zina zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito pa maphunziro a wophunzira mmodzi, ndipo bungwe la maphunziro (lomwe limapereka maphunziro ovomerezeka kwambiri) limasankhidwa ndi wophunzira (makolo ake). Umu ndi momwe, choyamba, zinthu zimapangidwira zomwe zimalimbikitsa kasamalidwe (utsogoleri) wa mabungwe a maphunziro kuti apititse patsogolo malonda awo. Komanso, oyang'anira amasamalira kale ntchito zolimbikitsa (zolimbikitsa ndi zolimbikitsa), kukopa akatswiri a ziyeneretso ndi magawo oyenera, kugawa malipiro malinga ndi zotsatira za ntchito, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti aphunzitsi ali ndi luso loyenerera. Kuti apereke chidziwitso chomwe chili chinsinsi cha kupambana, makamaka pamsika wantchito, katswiri amafunikira yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso ichi mwiniwake. Mwachiwonekere, aphunzitsi amasiku ano alibe chidziwitso choterocho, monga umboni wa malipiro a ntchito yawo (chizindikiro chachikulu cha mtengo wa katswiri pa msika wogwira ntchito). Choncho, tinganene kuti ntchito ya mphunzitsi lerolino ndi ntchito yochepa ya otayika pamsika wa antchito. Akatswiri opanga, ogwira ntchito sapita kusukulu zamaphunziro onse. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chinyengo chapangidwa m'dziko lathu kuti chidziwitso sichitsimikizo cha kupambana, ngakhale, poganizira momwe chuma chamakono chikuyendera, ndipo, makamaka, msika wogwira ntchito wa mayiko otukuka, tili otsimikiza za zosiyana. . Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti dongosolo la Stalinist-Soviet latsimikizira kuti siligwira ntchito m'magawo onse opanga popanda kupatula. Gawo la maphunziro silinakwaniritse ntchito zake zopereka chidziwitso chofunikira pamsika wamakono wantchito kwanthawi yayitali. Zikatero, palibe funso la mpikisano wa boma, muzochitika za "chuma cha chidziwitso". Gawo la maphunziro, kuti lipereke luso lofunikira m'dziko lino, likufunika kusintha. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti njira yomwe ikuperekedwa ya dongosolo la maphunziro silingawononge dongosolo lomwe liripo.

Kuthekera kwaluntha kwa mtunduwu mdziko lamakono kumaperekedwa ndi dongosolo la maphunziro (maphunziro acholinga) m'boma. A priori, ndi dongosolo la maphunziro a dziko, monga njira yolumikizirana, yomwe imapanga dzikoli, motere, monsemo. Socialization (maphunziro), m'lingaliro lonse, ndi ndondomeko ya mapangidwe apamwamba a maganizo a munthu. Kodi socialization ndi udindo wake akhoza makamaka kumvetsa bwino chitsanzo cha otchedwa «Mowgli chodabwitsa» - milandu pamene anthu kuyambira ali aang'ono amamanidwa kulankhulana kwa anthu, analeredwa ndi nyama. Ngakhale kugwera, pambuyo pake, m’chitaganya chamakono cha anthu, anthu oterowo samangokhoza kukhala umunthu wokwanira waumunthu, komanso kuphunzira maluso oyambilira a khalidwe laumunthu.

Choncho, maphunziro ndi zotsatira za makonzedwe a chidziwitso systematized, luso ndi luso, zotsatira za maganizo (makhalidwe ndi luntha) ndi maphunziro thupi. Mlingo wa maphunziro ndi wosagwirizana kwambiri ndi msinkhu wa chitukuko cha anthu. Maphunziro a dziko ndi msinkhu wa chitukuko chake: chitukuko cha malamulo, zachuma, zachilengedwe; mlingo wa makhalidwe abwino ndi thupi.