Zamkatimu
Bowa wa mphete ndi wa gulu la omwe amadziwika pang'ono, koma posachedwapa wakhala akufunidwa kwambiri pakati pa otola bowa. Zimathandizira kutchuka kwa zipere komanso ukadaulo wogwira mtima pakulima kwawo. Komanso, mutangoyamba kusonkhanitsa ma ringlets, mbale zokometsera komanso zonunkhira kwambiri zidzakonzedwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Bowa waung'ono ndi wophika bwino, ndipo bowa wokulirapo ndi wokazinga bwino.
Chithunzi ndi kufotokoza kwa mphete
Pakalipano, mitundu iwiri ya ma ringlets odyedwa amalimidwa. Izi ndi bowa zazikulu za agaric. Mitundu ya zipere zimasiyana mu unyinji. Gartenriese yayikulu, Winnetou yaying'ono.
Koltsevik (Stropharia rugoso-annulata) Amamera mwachilengedwe pamitengo, padothi losakanizidwa ndi utuchi, kapena paudzu wokutidwa ndi dothi. Itha kumeranso pa kompositi ya champignon, koma kuti ikhale yabwinoko, kompositiyo iyenera kusakanizidwa ndi utuchi, udzu kapena tchipisi tamatabwa mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1.
Matupi a zipatso ndi akulu, okhala ndi kapu m'mimba mwake 50 mpaka 300 mm ndi kulemera kwa 50 mpaka 200 g. Pa nthawi yomwe imatuluka m'nkhalango kapena pabedi m'munda, zipere zomwe zimakhala ndi kapu ya bulauni yozungulira komanso mwendo woyera wandiweyani zimafanana ndi bowa wa porcini. Komabe, mosiyana ndi bowa wa porcini, zipere ndi za bowa wa agaric. Pambuyo pake, kapuyo imapeza mtundu wopepuka, wa njerwa, m'mphepete mwake mumapindika. Mbalamezi zimayamba kukhala zoyera, kenako zofiirira zowala komanso zofiirira zowala.
Monga mukuwonera pachithunzichi, mpheteyo ili ndi mwendo wandiweyani, wowongoka, wofikira m'munsi:
Mphepete mwa kapuyo ndi yopindika ndipo imakhala ndi chivundikiro cholimba cha membranous, chomwe chimang'ambika bowa akacha ndikumakhala ngati mphete pa tsinde. Zotsalira za bedspread nthawi zambiri amakhala pachipewa ngati mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono mamba.
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Ndiye, mwawerengapo za bowa wa zipere, koma amakoma bwanji? Bowawu ndi wonunkhira kwambiri. Zabwino kwambiri ndi zipewa zozungulira za zipere, zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa atangotuluka m'munda. M'mawa, wothira pang'ono komanso wandiweyani, amawoneka ngati kapu ya bowa wa porcini kapena boletus. Kukoma kumakumbukiranso bowa wolemekezeka, koma pali zina. Kukoma kwa yophika bowa zisoti, koma pang'ono aftertaste wa yophika mbatata. Komabe, ndizoyenera kwambiri zokometsera, komanso soups. Pokolola m'nyengo yozizira, bowa aang'ono a mphete amatha kuzizira kapena kuuma. Zipewa zozungulira sizimamatirana zikazizira, zimatha kusungidwa zowuma mochuluka, sizimaphwanyika. Musanayambe kuyanika, ndi bwino kudula chipewacho kukhala mbale za 2-4, kenako zimawoneka zokongola kwambiri mu supu.
Ndibwino kuti musabweretse bowa wokulirapo pakukula kwachilengedwe, pamene zisoti zimakhala zosalala ndipo mbale zimasanduka zofiirira. Ma ringlets okulirapo amakhala ochepa chokoma. Koma ngati mulibe nthawi yosonkhanitsa bowa panthawi yake, ndiye muwagwiritse ntchito yokazinga ndi anyezi ndi mbatata.
Ukadaulo wokulitsa zipere m'mabedi
Malo omwe amamera bowa wa zipere ayenera kuunikira mokwanira masika ndi autumn, ndipo m'chilimwe, m'malo mwake, ayenera kutetezedwa ku dzuwa. Mukhoza kubzala bowa pamodzi ndi maungu, omwe amapanga microclimate yabwino ndi masamba awo: amapereka chinyezi ndi shading yofunikira.
Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zimapezeka pamitengo yatsopano yolimba. Tchipisi ta nkhuni zatsopano zimakhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira ndipo sizifunikira kukonzanso kwina kulikonse. tchipisi ta Softwood ndi oak, singano za paini ndi spruce zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera (osaposa 50% ya kulemera konse). Chips kuchokera kunthambi zimayikidwa ngati bedi 30-40 cm wandiweyani, 140 cm mulifupi ndi kuthirira. Ngati nkhuni zauma, bedi limathiriridwa kwa masiku angapo m'mawa ndi madzulo. Gawo laling'ono la mycelium limawonjezeredwa ku tchipisi pamlingo wa 1 kg pa 1 m2 ya mabedi. Mycelium anawonjezera dropwise kwa akuya 5 masentimita mu magawo kukula kwa mtedza. Nthawi zina gawo lapansi lomwe lakula bwino limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mycelium. Dothi wamba wamba (lophimba dothi) limatsanuliridwa pamabedi. Munthawi yowuma, dothi losungika limanyowa tsiku lililonse.
Mukamera zipere, udzu wa tirigu ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lapansi. Amanyowa kwa tsiku mumtsuko pansi pa kupanikizika. Kenako amaikidwa m'malo okhala ndi mithunzi ngati mizere yotsika 20-30 cm wandiweyani ndi 100-140 cm mulifupi. 1-2 kg ya udzu wouma imafunika pa 25 m30 ya zitunda. Ndiye gawo lapansi mycelium anawonjezera kwa udzu komanso pa mlingo wa 1 kg/m2.
M'nyengo yofunda (May-June), zonyansa za gawo lapansi ndi zingwe zazitali (rhizomorphs) zimawonekera pakatha milungu 2-3.
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Pambuyo pa masabata 8-9, magulu a zipere mycelium amawonekera pamtunda, ndipo pambuyo pa masabata 12 osanjikiza amapangidwa kuchokera ku gawo lapansi lopiringizika ndi mycelium. Pambuyo pochepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya wausiku, zipatso zambiri zimayamba. Zipere zimatengedwa ngati bowa wachilimwe. Kutentha koyenera pakati pa bedi ndi 20-25 ° C. Mycelium ya mphutsi imakula mofulumira ndipo patatha milungu ingapo ma rhizomorphs amapangidwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti gawo lonse lapansi likhale ndi gawo lapansi. Kukhazikika kwathunthu kwa gawo lapansi kumatenga masabata 4-6. Zoyambira za matupi a fruiting amapangidwa pambuyo pa masabata 2-4 pa udzu ndipo pambuyo pa masabata 4-8 pamitengo yamatabwa.
Matupi a zipatso amawonekera m'magulu. Bowa amapanga m'dera lolumikizana pakati pa udzu ndi nthaka. Ma rhizomorphs a ringworm, akakula m'munda wamaluwa, amatha kutambasula kupitirira malire ake (mamita makumi) ndikupanga matupi obala zipatso pamenepo. Komabe, mafunde a fruiting si ofanana ndi a champignon. Kawirikawiri kusonkhanitsa mafunde 3-4. Mafunde atsopano aliwonse amawonekera masabata a 2 pambuyo pa yapitayo. Sungani bowa ndi chofunda chong'ambika kapena chong'ambika posachedwapa. Izi zimatalikitsa alumali moyo wa bowa. Kuthirira mabedi ndikofunikira kuti mupeze bowa wapamwamba kwambiri. Matupi a zipere amakhala osalimba ndipo salola kusuntha kuchoka ku chidebe chimodzi kupita ku china. Pamitengo yamatabwa yokhala ndi dothi lophimba, zokolola zimafika 15% ya unyinji wa gawo lapansi, paudzu zokolola zimachepa.
Substrate mycelium kwa kukula zipere
Mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazi, gawo lapansi la mycelium linkagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa bowa. Pakukula kwa bowa, njira ya "mbeu" ya bowa mothandizidwa ndi mycelium imatchedwa inoculation. Chifukwa chake, kompositi ya champignon idathiridwa ndi zidutswa za kompositi zomwe zidadziwika kale ndi champignon mycelium. Kompositi yotereyi "mbewu" mycelium ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha gawo lapansi la mycelium. Kompositi mycelium sinagwiritsidwe ntchito polima champignons, komanso humus komanso bowa zina. Kotero "anafesedwa" mitundu yonse ya champignons, bowa, maambulera ngakhale mphete.
Pofalitsa uchi wa chilimwe agaric, bowa wa oyisitara ndi bowa wina wamtengo, gawo lapansi la mycelium linkagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera utuchi, wopangidwa ndi mycelium wofunidwa (utuchi wa mycelium). Pobzala bowa pazitsa ndi pamitengo, tinsalu tamatabwa tomwe timakhala ndi bowa wamitengo tinkagulitsidwa. Ma dowels otere amathanso kutchedwa gawo lapansi mycelium. Amapangidwabe kunja.
Gawo la gawo la mycelium liribe pafupifupi chakudya chochuluka cha bowa - mycelium yokha ya kufalitsa kwawo kwamasamba. Chifukwa chake, imatha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kutayika bwino ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pagawo lopanda kanthu.
Pamene luso la ulimi wa bowa linkapita patsogolo, makampani opanga mycelium anasintha kukhala tirigu monga chonyamulira mycelium. Mycelium yopangidwa pa tirigu, balere kapena mapira amatchedwa njere. Mbewu mycelium imapangidwa pa njere zosawilitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, pogwiritsa ntchito njere mycelium, ndizotheka kukhazikitsa ukadaulo wosabala wopangira bowa, womwe umatsimikizira zokolola zambiri pagawo losabala. Koma pakupanga kwenikweni, gawo lapansi lopanda pasteurized limafesedwa ndi njere mycelium. Ubwino wa mbewu za mycelium kuposa gawo lapansi la mycelium ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake mwachuma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta. Ndi ukadaulo wosabala, mutha kuyambitsa njere zingapo za mapira ndi mycelium wa bowa muthumba la kilogalamu yokhala ndi gawo lapansi ndipo bowa amakula ndikukolola bwino. M'malo mwake, mycelium yambewu imawonjezeredwa ku gawo lapansi kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 5% ndi kulemera kwa gawo lapansi lomalizidwa. Izi zimawonjezera kufunikira kwazakudya za gawo lapansi chifukwa cha njere ya mycelium ndikukulolani kuti muchulukitse gawo lapansi mwachangu.
Koma momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nthanga za mycelium "kufesa" bowa, monga zipere, pabedi lopanda maluwa? Monga zikukhalira, si zophweka monga zikuwonekera. Ndi kufesa koteroko, nkhungu zimamenyana ndi njere zosabala za mycelium, njereyo imakutidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi nkhungu zobiriwira, ndipo mycelium ya zipere imafa. Kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino, choyamba muyenera "kufesa" njere wosabala mycelium m'thumba lomwe lili ndi chitsulo chosabala chamatabwa, dikirani mpaka mycelium ya mphutsi itakula pamenepo, ndiyeno mugwiritse ntchito ngati gawo lapansi la mycelium pofesa mabedi.
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Chopper cha kukula kwa zipere
Bowa wambiri wamtengo amatha kupezeka pamabedi kapena pagawo lotayirira m'matumba apulasitiki, koma osati pamitengo. Gawo lapansi liyenera kukhala lonyowa, lopatsa thanzi komanso lotayirira kuti likhale ndi mpweya wokwanira wofunikira kuti bowa likule. Zofunikira zonsezi zimakwaniritsidwa ndi gawo lapansi la nthambi zatsopano.
Tchipisi ta nkhuni zimatha m'malo mwa udzu polima bowa wa oyster, shiitake ndi bowa wina wamtengo. Koma chinthu chachikulu chomwe muyenera kugula chopukusira ndikupanga gawo lapansi la mabedi okhala ndi mphete. Nthambi zatsopano zokhala ndi masamba, makamaka zopanda masamba, ndi gawo lokonzekera lomwe lili ndi chinyezi pafupifupi 50%, lomwe silifunikira kunyowetsedwa kale. Nthambi za mitengo ndi zitsamba zimakhala ndi zakudya zokwanira zokwanira kuti pakhale fungus mycelium.
Chowotcha chilichonse cham'munda chokhala ndi mipeni chimafunika. Pamodzi ndi chopper, ndikupangira kugula mipeni yosinthira. Ayenera kukonza nthambi zatsopano zokha. Kenako mumapeza tchipisi tating'onoting'ono, ndipo chopukusiracho chimakhala nthawi yayitali. Ma Model okhala ndi magiya atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, koma satulutsa gawo lapansi lokwanira mpweya. Ma birches ang'onoang'ono mpaka 4 cm wandiweyani amadulidwa bwino m'munda wa shredder. Pafupi ndi mitengo ya birch m'minda yosiyidwa, madera okhala ndi nkhalango yowirira ya ma birch ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa ndi kudzibzala. Kudzibzala koteroko sikuchitika m'nkhalango, koma pamtunda waulimi, kumene kumawononga minda. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati simudula mitengo yonse motsatizana, koma kuonda nokha, izi zimathandizira kukula kwa boletus ndi bowa wa porcini mmenemo.
Mumsondodzi wonyezimira, kapena woyera, womwe umamera m'mphepete mwa misewu ndi mitsinje, nthambi zimatha kukula mpaka 5 cm munyengo imodzi! Ndipo ngakhale akupera bwino. Ngati muzula angapo a misondodziyi m'malo, ndiye kuti pakatha zaka 5 mudzakhala ndi gwero losatha la gawo lapansi la bowa. Mitengo yonse yowonongeka ndi zitsamba zomwe zimapanga nthambi zazitali ndi zowongoka ndizoyenera: msondodzi wobiriwira, hazel, aspen, ndi zina zotero. Chips kuchokera ku nthambi za oak ndizoyenera kukulitsa shiitake, koma osati bowa ndi bowa wa oyster, chifukwa. ma enzyme awo samawola tannin.
Nthambi za paini ndi spruce nazonso bwino pansi, koma mwamphamvu amamatira kuzungulira mipeni chopper ndi thupi lake lamkati ndi utomoni. Tchipisi zochokera ku nthambi za coniferous ndizoyenera kukula mizere yofiirira (Lepista nuda).
Nthambi zowuma zamitengo ndi zitsamba sizoyenera kugaya, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi nkhungu. Komanso, pamene akupera youma, makamaka nthaka zakhudzana nthambi, mipeni mwamsanga kuzimiririka.
Ngati mukufuna kusunga gawo lapansi kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito m'tsogolo, ndiye kuti posungirako liyenera kuuma pansi pa denga, ndikunyowetsa musanagwiritse ntchito. Kuti mupeze gawo lapansi lokhala ndi chinyezi cha 50%, tchipisi tamatabwa zouma ziyenera kutsanuliridwa ndi madzi kwa mphindi 30, ndiye kuti madziwo ayenera kutsanulidwa ndipo tchipisi tamatabwa timene timayenera kuyanika m'munda masana.
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Kuthirira munda ndi mphete
Kuti zipatso ziziwoneka bwino, bowa limafunikira kuthirira nthawi zonse. Kukonzekera ndikosavuta.
M'mundamo muli kasupe kakang'ono, kotero kuti sikunali kofunikira kupanga chitsime kapena chitsime. Madzi ochokera ku kasupe amayenda pansi pa malowa ngati kamtsinje kakang'ono ndipo amasonkhanitsidwa mu dziwe lolemera 4 x 10 m. Kuchokera pamenepo, chitoliro cha simenti cha asibesitosi cha 8 m kutalika chimayikidwa, komwe madzi amalowa mu sump, pomwe tinthu tadongo timakhazikika. Kenako, mitsinje yoyera yamadzi imadzaza thanki ya konkire yokhala ndi mainchesi 2,5 ndi kuya kwa 2 m, pomwe pampu yamadzi yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1100 W imayikidwa, yopereka mutu wa 0,6 atm pamlingo. ku 10m3/h. Kuti madzi ayeretsedwe kuchokera ku tinthu tadongo, mpopeyo amayikidwa mu chitini cha pulasitiki, pomwe thumba la agril 200 µm limayikidwa. Agril ndi zotchingira zotsika mtengo zamabedi am'munda.
Pampuyi imapereka madzi ku chitoliro chokhala ndi mainchesi 32 mm. Kenako, mothandizidwa ndi zida zapadera, madzi amagawidwa kudzera mu mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi 20 mm. Ndibwino kuti mugwiritse ntchito mapaipi ndi zida zopangidwa ndi polyethylene yotsika kwambiri (HDPE) - iyi ndiyo njira yodalirika komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri ya mapaipi ndi zopangira.
Mipope yothirira idayikidwa pamtunda wa 2,2 m pamwamba pa nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zoyima zopangidwa ndi kulimbitsa ndi mainchesi a 12 mm. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wotchetcha udzu ndikusamalira bowa popanda kusokoneza. Kupopera madzi kumachitika kuchokera ku zitini zothirira zopita pamwamba. Zitini zothirira ndi zoperekera pulasitiki zamabotolo okhala ndi mabowo 0,05 mm. Iwo anagulitsidwa m'masitolo hardware kwa 15 rubles. kagawo. Kuti muwaphatikize ndi zopangira za HDPE, muyenera kudula ulusi wamkati wa 1/2 pa iwo. Chidutswa cha winterizer chopangira chimayikidwa mkati mwa chidebe chilichonse chothirira, chomwe chimayeretsanso madzi.
Kuyatsa pampu kumapanga chowerengera chanyumba. Kuthirira malo onse a bowa (maekala 15) 2 pa tsiku kwa mphindi 20, madzi okwanira pafupifupi 4 m3 amamwa madzi akasupe kuchokera pa 8 m3 / tsiku mpaka 16 m3 / tsiku (malingana ndi nthawi). chaka). Motero, madzi akali a zofunika zina. Zitini zina zothirira nthawi zina zimakhala zotsekedwa ndi dongo, ngakhale zili ndi matope ndi kusefera. Kuti ayeretsedwe, madzi apadera adapangidwa pafupi ndi mpope mu gawo la chitoliro ndi zopangira 5 zitini zamadzi. Popanda madzi oyenda, mpopeyo imapanga mphamvu yoposa 1 atm. Izi ndi zokwanira kuyeretsa zitini zothirira pozipopera pa chitoliro ndikutseka valavu yoperekera madzi ku ulimi wothirira. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi ulimi wothirira lonse munda bowa, kompositi milu, raspberries, yamatcheri ndi apulo mitengo madzi.
Zitini zisanu zikupopera madzi pamunda ndi mphete. Kukula konse kwa bedi ndi 3 x 10 m. Madzi othirira amagwera m'zigawo zake zina, pamene zina zimakhalabe zopanda ulimi wothirira. Monga momwe zinandichitikira zikuwonetsera, wolima mphete amakonda kubala zipatso m'madera omwe madzi amthirira samalowa mwachindunji. Kusanthula kwa chinyezi cha gawo lapansi pabedi lobala zipatso kunatsimikizira kuti sikoyenera kuthirira padziko lonse lapansi pabedi. Bokosi la bowa la zipere limagawa chinyontho chothirira m'madera ena amunda pamtunda wonse. Izi zimatsimikizira ubwino wosakayikitsa wokhala ndi mycelium m'munda.