Zamkatimu
Pakati pa bowa wa mawonekedwe odabwitsa amatha kukhala matupi a fruiting omwe amawoneka ngati mazira. Zitha kukhala zodyedwa komanso zapoizoni. Bowa wooneka ngati dzira amapezeka m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri amakonda dothi lotayirira, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapanga mycorrhiza yokhala ndi mitengo ya coniferous komanso yophukira yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makhalidwe a bowa omwe amapezeka kwambiri ngati dzira akuwonetsedwa patsamba lino.
Bowa wa ndowe wooneka ngati dzira
Chikumbu chambiri (Coprinus atramentarius).
Banja: Zikumbu za ndowe (Coprinaceae).
Nyengo: kumapeto kwa June - kumapeto kwa October.
Kukula: magulu akuluakulu.
Description:
Chipewa cha bowa wamng'ono ndi ovoid, ndiye mochuluka belu woboola pakati.
Mnofu ndi wopepuka, umachita mdima mwachangu, umakoma kukoma. Pamwamba pa kapu ndi imvi kapena imvi zofiirira, mdima pakati, ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono, akuda. Mpheteyo ndi yoyera, imasowa msanga. Mphepete mwa kapu ikusweka.
Phesi lake ndi loyera, lofiirira pang'ono m'munsi, losalala, lopanda kanthu, nthawi zambiri lopindika kwambiri. Mambale ndi aulere, otakata, pafupipafupi; bowa wamng'ono ndi woyera, kutembenukira wakuda mu ukalamba, ndiye autolyse (blur kukhala madzi wakuda) pamodzi ndi kapu.
Bowa wodyedwa mosamalitsa. Kudya kokha ali aang'ono pambuyo koyambirira kuwira. Kumwa ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa kumayambitsa poizoni.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Imakula pa dothi lokhala ndi humus, m'minda, m'minda, m'malo otayirapo, pafupi ndi milu ya manyowa ndi kompositi, m'nkhalango, pafupi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ndi zitsa zamitengo yolimba.
Chikumbu choyera (Coprinus comatus).
Banja: Zikumbu za ndowe (Coprinaceae).
Nyengo: m'ma August - m'ma October.
Kukula: magulu akuluakulu.
Description:
Zamkati ndi zoyera, zofewa. Pamwamba pa kapu pali tubercle yabulauni.
Mwendo ndi woyera, ndi sheen silky, dzenje. Mu bowa akale, mbale ndi kapu ndi autolyzed.
Chipewa cha bowa chaching'ono chimakhala chotalikirapo, kenako chowoneka ngati belu, choyera kapena chofiirira, chophimbidwa ndi mamba a fibrous. Ndi zaka, mbale zimayamba kutembenukira pinki kuchokera pansi. Mambale ndi aulere, otakata, pafupipafupi, oyera.
Bowa amadyedwa ali aang'ono (mbale zisanade). Iyenera kukonzedwa pa tsiku la kusonkhanitsa; Ndi bwino kuti chisanadze chithupsa. Sayenera kusakaniza ndi bowa zina.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Amamera pa dothi lotayirira lomwe lili ndi feteleza wambiri, m'malo odyetserako ziweto, m'minda yamasamba, m'minda ndi m'mapaki.
Kachikumbu (Coprinus micaceus).
Banja: Zikumbu za ndowe (Coprinaceae).
Nyengo: kumapeto kwa Meyi - kumapeto kwa Okutobala.
Kukula: magulu kapena masango.
Description:
Khungu ndi lachikasu-bulauni, mu bowa laling'ono limakutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono opangidwa kuchokera ku mbale yopyapyala. Mabalawa ndi opyapyala, pafupipafupi, otambasuka, omatira; mtundu wake umakhala woyera poyamba, kenako amasanduka wakuda ndi wofiyira.
Zamkati ali wamng'ono ndi woyera, wowawasa kukoma.
Mwendo woyera, wa dzenje, wosalimba; pamwamba pake ndi yosalala kapena silky pang'ono. Mphepete mwa kapu nthawi zina imang'ambika.
Chovalacho chimakhala chooneka ngati belu kapena ovoid chokhala ndi mizere.
Bowa wodyedwa mosamalitsa. Kawirikawiri osati anasonkhanitsa chifukwa yaing'ono kukula ndi mofulumira autolysis zisoti. Zogwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Amamera m'nkhalango, pamitengo yamitengo yophukira, komanso m'mapaki amizinda, mabwalo, pazitsa kapena pamizu yamitengo yakale komanso yowonongeka.
Bowa wa ndowe ngati dzira akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi izi:
Bowa wa Veselka kapena dzira la satana (la mfiti).
Veselka wamba (Phallus impudicus) kapena dzira la satana (la mfiti).
Banja: Veselkovye (Phallaceae).
Nyengo: May - October.
Kukula: payekha komanso m'magulu
Kufotokozera za bowa Veselka (dzira la mdierekezi):
Zotsalira za chipolopolo cha dzira. Chovala chokhwima chimakhala chooneka ngati belu, chokhala ndi dzenje pamwamba, chophimbidwa ndi ntchofu yakuda ya azitona ndi fungo la nyama. Kukula kwa dzira pambuyo pa kukhwima kwa dzira kumafika 5 mm pamphindi. Pamene spore-bearing layer idyedwa ndi tizilombo, kapuyo imakhala ubweya wa thonje wokhala ndi maselo owoneka bwino.
Mwendo wake ndi wa spongy, wa dzenje, wokhala ndi makoma owonda.
Thupi laling'ono la fruiting ndi theka-pansi, oval-spherical kapena ovoid, 3-5 cm m'mimba mwake, loyera.
Matupi ang'onoang'ono a fruiting, osenda ku chipolopolo cha dzira ndi okazinga, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.
Ecology ndi kugawa kwa bowa Veselka (dzira la mfiti):
Imamera nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango zophukira, imakonda dothi lokhala ndi humus. Ma spores amafalitsidwa ndi tizilombo tokopeka ndi fungo la bowa.
Bowa wina wonga dzira
Mutinus canine (Mutinus canine).
Banja: Veselkovye (Phallaceae).
Nyengo: kumapeto kwa June-September.
Kukula: payekha komanso m’magulu.
Description:
Zamkati ndi porous, zofewa kwambiri. Ikakhwima, nsonga yaying'ono ya tuberculate ya "mwendo" imakutidwa ndi ntchofu za bulauni za azitona zokhala ndi fungo la zovunda. Tizilombo tikamaluma ntchofu, pamwamba pa chipatsocho chimasanduka lalanje ndipo thupi lonse la chipatso limayamba kuwola mwachangu.
"Mwendo" ndi wa dzenje, wonyezimira, wachikasu. The achinyamata fruiting thupi ndi ovoid, 2-3 masentimita awiri, kuwala, ndi ndondomeko mizu.
Khungu la dzira limakhalabe mchimake pamunsi pa "mwendo".
Bowa wonga dzira limeneli amaonedwa kuti ndi wosadyedwa. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, matupi achichepere okhala ndi zipatso mu chipolopolo cha dzira amatha kudyedwa.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Imamera m'nkhalango za coniferous, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi nkhuni zowola komanso zitsa, nthawi zina pamitengo yovunda.
Cystoderma scaly (Cystoderma carcharias).
Banja: Champignons (Agaricaceae).
Nyengo: pakati pa Ogasiti - Novembala.
Kukula: payekha komanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Description:
Chipewa cha bowa achichepere ndi conical kapena ovoid. Chophimba cha bowa wokhwima ndi chophwanyika-chopingasa kapena chogwada. Mambale amakhala pafupipafupi, owonda, omatira, okhala ndi mbale zapakatikati, zoyera.
Mwendo ndi wokhuthala pang'ono kumunsi, granular-scaly, wamtundu wofanana ndi kapu.
Mnofu ndi wonyezimira, wotumbululuka wapinki kapena woyera, wokhala ndi fungo lamitengo kapena lanthaka.
Bowa amaonedwa kuti ndi wovomerezeka, koma kukoma kwake kumakhala kochepa. Pafupifupi sanadye.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Amamera m'nkhalango za coniferous komanso zosakanikirana (ndi paini), pa dothi lachalky, mu moss, pa zinyalala. Zosowa kwambiri m'nkhalango zodula.
Bowa wa Kaisara (Amanita caesarea).
Banja: Amanitaceae (Amanitaceae).
Nyengo: Juni - Okutobala.
Kukula: nokha.
Description:
Chipewa cha bowa achichepere ndi ovoid kapena hemispherical. Chipewa cha bowa okhwima ndi otukukira kapena osalala, ndi m'mphepete mwake. Mu gawo la "dzira", bowa wa Kaisara akhoza kusokonezeka ndi toadstool yotuwa, yomwe imasiyana ndi kudula: chikopa chachikasu ndi chophimba chofala kwambiri.
Khungu ndi golide-lalanje kapena wofiira wofiira, wouma, kawirikawiri popanda zotsalira za chophimba. Kunja kuli koyera, mkati mwake kumakhala chikasu. Volvo ndi yaulere, yooneka ngati thumba, mpaka 6 cm mulifupi, mpaka 4-5 mm wandiweyani.
Mnofu wa chipewa ndi minofu, kuwala chikasu pansi pa khungu. Mabalawa ndi achikasu agolide, aulere, pafupipafupi, otambalala pakati, m'mphepete mwake amakhala ndi mphonje pang'ono. Mnofu wa mwendo ndi woyera, wopanda khalidwe fungo ndi kukoma.
Kuyambira kale, chimatengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazakudya zabwino kwambiri. Bowa wokhwima akhoza kuwiritsa, kukazinga kapena yokazinga, bowa ndi woyenera kuyanika ndi pickling. Bowa wachichepere wokutidwa ndi volva wosasweka amagwiritsidwa ntchito yaiwisi mu saladi.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Amapanga mycorrhiza ndi beech, oak, chestnut ndi mitengo ina yolimba. Imamera m'nthaka yobiriwira, nthawi zina m'nkhalango za coniferous, imakonda dothi lamchenga, malo otentha komanso owuma. Kufalikira ku Mediterranean subtropics. M'mayiko omwe kale anali USSR, amapezeka kumadzulo kwa Georgia, ku Azerbaijan, ku North Caucasus, ku Crimea ndi Transcarpathia. Zipatso zimafuna nyengo yofunda (yosatsika kuposa 20 ° C) kwa masiku 15-20.
Mitundu yofananira.
Kuchokera ku ntchentche yofiira ya agaric (zotsalira za bedi zomwe nthawi zina zimatsukidwa kuchokera ku chipewa), bowa wa Kaisara amasiyana ndi mtundu wachikasu wa mphete ndi mbale (zoyera mu ntchentche agaric).
Pale grebe (Amanita phalloides).
Banja: Amanitaceae (Amanitaceae).
Nyengo: chiyambi cha August - pakati pa October.
Kukula: payekha komanso m’magulu.
Description:
Chipewacho ndi cha azitona, chobiriwira kapena chotuwa, kuchokera ku hemispherical kupita ku lathyathyathya, ndi m'mphepete mwake ndi ulusi. Mambale ndi oyera, ofewa, aulere.
Tsinde ndi mtundu wa chipewa kapena choyera, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakutidwa ndi mtundu wa moire. Volva imatanthauzidwa bwino, yaulere, yozungulira, yoyera, 3-5 cm mulifupi, nthawi zambiri imamizidwa m'nthaka. Mpheteyo ndi yotakata poyamba, yamizeremizere, yamizere kunja, nthawi zambiri imatha ndi ukalamba. Pakhungu la kapu zotsalira za chophimba nthawi zambiri palibe. Chipatso thupi ali wamng'ono ndi ovoid, kwathunthu yokutidwa ndi filimu.
Mnofu ndi woyera, minofu, sasintha mtundu pamene kuonongeka, ndi wofatsa kukoma ndi fungo. Kukhuthala m'munsi mwa mwendo.
Chimodzi mwa zoopsa kwambiri bowa wakupha. Muli bicyclic poizoni polypeptides kuti si kuwonongedwa ndi kutentha mankhwala ndi kuchititsa alibe mafuta ndi chiwindi necrosis. Mlingo wakupha munthu wamkulu ndi 30 g wa bowa (chipewa chimodzi); kwa mwana - kotala la chipewa. Poizoni si matupi a fruiting okha, komanso spores, kotero bowa ndi zipatso zina siziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa pafupi ndi grebe wotumbululuka. Choopsa china cha bowa chimakhala chakuti zizindikiro za poizoni siziwonekera kwa nthawi yaitali. Pakati pa maola 6 mpaka 48 mutatha kumwa, kusanza kosalekeza, matumbo a m'mimba, kupweteka kwa minofu, ludzu losatha, kutsekula m'mimba ngati kolera (nthawi zambiri ndi magazi). Pakhoza kukhala jaundice ndi chiwindi chokulitsa. Kugunda kumakhala kofooka, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumatsika, kutaya chidziwitso kumawonedwa. Palibe mankhwala othandiza pambuyo poyambira zizindikiro. Patsiku lachitatu, "nthawi ya ubwino wabodza" imayamba, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala masiku awiri kapena anayi. Ndipotu, kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi ndi impso kumapitirirabe panthawiyi. Imfa nthawi zambiri imachitika mkati mwa masiku 10 kuchokera pachiphe.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Amapanga mycorrhiza ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitengo (oak, beech, hazel), imakonda nthaka yachonde, nkhalango zopepuka komanso zosakanikirana.
Bowa wa m'nkhalango (Agaricus silvaticus).
Banja: Champignons (Agaricaceae).
Nyengo: kumapeto kwa June - pakati pa Okutobala.
Kukula: m'magulu.
Description:
Mambalewo amakhala oyera poyamba, kenako a bulauni, ocheperako mpaka kumapeto. Thupi limakhala loyera, lofiira likathyoka.
Chovalacho chimakhala chowoneka ngati belu, chophwanyika chowoneka bwino chikapsa, chofiirira-bulauni, chokhala ndi mamba akuda.
Tsinde lake ndi lozungulira, nthawi zambiri limatupa pang'ono kumunsi. Mphete yoyera ya membranous ya bowa ngati dzira nthawi zambiri imasowa pakukhwima.
Bowa wokoma wodyedwa. Ntchito mwatsopano ndi kuzifutsa.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Amamera mu coniferous (spruce) ndi kusakaniza (ndi spruce) nkhalango, nthawi zambiri pafupi kapena pamilu ya nyerere. Amawonekera kwambiri mvula ikagwa.
Cinnabar Red Cinnabar (Calostoma cinnabarina).
Banja: Madontho amvula abodza (Sclerodermataceae).
Nyengo: kumapeto kwa chilimwe - autumn.
Kukula: payekha komanso m’magulu.
Description:
Mwendo wabodza ndi porous, wozunguliridwa ndi gelatinous membrane.
Chigoba chakunja cha thupi la chipatso chimasweka ndikusenda. Pamene ikukhwima, tsinde limatalika, kukweza chipatso pamwamba pa gawo lapansi.
Thupi la zipatso ndi lozungulira, lozungulira kapena la tuberous, mu bowa laling'ono kuchokera ku wofiira mpaka wofiira-lalanje, wotsekedwa mu chipolopolo chamitundu itatu.
Zosadyedwa.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Imamera pamtunda, m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanizika, m'mphepete, m'mphepete mwa misewu ndi njira. Imakonda dothi lamchenga ndi dongo. Wamba ku North America; m'dziko lathu nthawi zina amapezeka kumwera kwa Primorsky Krai.
Puffball (Scleroderma verrucosum).
Banja: Madontho amvula abodza (Sclerodermataceae).
Nyengo: Ogasiti - Okutobala.
Kukula: payekha komanso m’magulu.
Description:
Thupi la fruiting ndi la tuberous kapena lofanana ndi impso, nthawi zambiri limaphwanyidwa kuchokera pamwamba. Khungu ndi lopyapyala, lakhungu loyera, loyera, kenako lachikasu lachikasu ndi mamba a bulauni kapena njerewere.
Akakhwima, zamkati amakhala flabby, imvi-wakuda, kupeza powdery dongosolo. Kukula ngati muzu kuchokera ku zingwe zosalala za mycelial.
Pedicle yonyenga nthawi zambiri imakhala yayitali.
Bowa wakupha pang'ono. Zochuluka, zimayambitsa poizoni, limodzi ndi chizungulire, kupweteka m'mimba, ndi kusanza.
Ecology ndi kugawa: Imakula pamtunda wamchenga wouma m'nkhalango, m'minda ndi m'mapaki, m'malo otsetsereka, nthawi zambiri m'mphepete mwa misewu, m'mphepete mwa ngalande, m'mphepete mwa njira.
Golovach yooneka ngati thumba ( Calvatia utriformis ).
Banja: Champignons (Agaricaceae).
Nyengo: kumapeto kwa Meyi - pakati pa Seputembala.
Kukula: payekha komanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Description:
Thupi la chipatsocho ndi ovate, saccular, flattened kuchokera pamwamba, ndi maziko mu mawonekedwe a mwendo wabodza. Chigoba chakunja ndi chokhuthala, chaubweya, poyamba choyera, kenako chimasanduka chachikasu ndi kusanduka bulauni.
Thupi limakhala loyera poyamba, kenako limasanduka lobiriwira komanso loderapo.
Bowa wokhwima amasweka, kuswa pamwamba ndi kusweka.
Bowa wachinyamata wokhala ndi thupi loyera amadyedwa. Ntchito yophika ndi zouma. Amakhala ndi hemostatic effect.
Ecology ndi kugawa:
Amamera m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana, m'mphepete ndi m'malo otsetsereka, m'madambo, msipu, msipu, pamtunda wolimidwa.