"Popanda owononga!" - mawu omwe amatha kubweretsa pafupifupi wotsutsa filimu aliyense kutentha koyera. Ndipo osati iye yekha. Tili ndi mantha kwambiri kuti tidziwiretu denouement pasadakhale - komanso chifukwa tili otsimikiza kuti pamenepa chisangalalo chodziwa ntchito zaluso chidzawonongeka mopanda chiyembekezo. Koma kodi zilidi choncho?
M’zikhalidwe zonse komanso nthawi zonse, anthu amanena nkhani. Ndipo pazaka masauzande awa, tamvetsetsa zomwe zimapangitsa nkhani iliyonse kukhala yosangalatsa, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wake. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za nkhani yabwino ndikutha kwake. Timayesetsa kuchita chilichonse kuti tisadziwe pasadakhale filimu yomwe sitinawonepo, kapena buku lomwe sitinawerenge. Tikangomva mwangozi mathero a kubwereza kwa wina, zikuwoneka kuti chithunzicho chawonongeka mosasinthika. Mavuto oterowo timawatcha "owononga" (kuchokera ku Chingerezi kuti spoil - "spoil").
Koma sakuyenera kukhala ndi mbiri yoipa. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti kudziwa mapeto a nkhani musanaiwerenge sikungapweteke kumvetsa. M'malo mwake: zimapangitsa kukhala kotheka kusangalala kwathunthu ndi mbiri yakale. Ichi ndiye chododometsa cha spoiler.
Ofufuza Nicholas Christenfeld ndi Jonathan Leavitt a yunivesite ya California anachita zoyesera zitatu ndi nkhani zazifupi 12 za John Updike, Agatha Christie, ndi Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Nkhani zonse zinali ndi ziwembu zosaiŵalika, zokhotakhota ndi miyambi. Muzochitika ziwiri, maphunzirowo adauzidwa mathero asanafike. Ena anaperekedwa kuliŵerenga m’malemba osiyana, ena anaphatikizapo wowononga m’malemba aakulu, ndipo mapeto ake anadziŵika kale kuchokera m’ndime yoyamba yokonzedwa mwapadera. Gulu lachitatu linalandira mawuwo mumpangidwe wake woyambirira.
Kafukufukuyu amasintha lingaliro la owononga ngati chinthu chovulaza komanso chosasangalatsa.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidawonetsa kuti mumtundu uliwonse wa nkhani (zopindika, zinsinsi, ndi nkhani yodzutsa chidwi), otenga nawo gawo amakonda matembenuzidwe "owonongeka" kuposa oyamba. Koposa zonse, nkhanizo zinkakonda malemba ndi wowononga wolembedwa kumayambiriro kwa malembawo.
Izi zimasintha lingaliro la owononga ngati chinthu chovulaza komanso chosasangalatsa. Kuti mumvetse chifukwa chake zili choncho, taganizirani kafukufuku amene Fritz Heider ndi Mary-Ann Simmel a ku Smith College anachita mu 1944. Sichinataye kufunika kwake mpaka lero.
Adawonetsa ophunzirawo makanema ojambula pamakona atatu, bwalo ndi lalikulu. Ngakhale kuti ziwerengero zosavuta za geometric zidasuntha mosokonekera pazenera, mituyi idanena kuti zolinga ndi zolinga za zinthu izi, "kuzipanga umunthu". Ambiri nkhani anafotokoza bwalo ndi buluu makona atatu monga «m'chikondi» ndipo ananena kuti lalikulu zoipa imvi makona atatu anali kuyesera kuti alowe mu njira yawo.
Chochitika ichi chikuwonetsa chidwi chathu chofotokozera nthano. Ndife nyama zamagulu, ndipo nkhani ndi chida chofunikira chothandizira kumvetsetsa khalidwe laumunthu ndikudziwitsa ena zomwe tawona. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe akatswiri a zamaganizo amatcha "nthanthi ya maganizo." Kufewetsa mozama, kungafotokozedwe motere: timatha kumvetsetsa ndikudziyesa tokha malingaliro, zilakolako, zolinga ndi zolinga za ena, ndipo timagwiritsa ntchito izi kulosera ndi kufotokoza zochita ndi khalidwe lawo.
Tili ndi kuthekera komvetsetsa zolinga za anthu ena ndikudziwiratu zomwe angachite. Nkhani ndizofunika chifukwa zimatilola kuyankhulana ndi maubale oyambitsawa. Choncho, nkhani ndi yabwino ngati ikukwaniritsa ntchito yake: imapereka chidziwitso kwa ena. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nkhani "yowonongeka", yomwe mapeto ake amadziwika pasadakhale, imakhala yokongola kwambiri: zimakhala zosavuta kuti timvetse. Olemba kafukufukuyu akufotokoza zotsatirazi motere: "Kusadziŵa mathero kukhoza kuwononga chisangalalo, kusokoneza chidwi chambiri ndi mikhalidwe yokongola."
Mwinamwake mwawonapo kangapo momwe nkhani yabwino ingabwerezedwe ndikufunidwa, ngakhale kuti denouement wakhala akudziwika kwa aliyense. Ganizilani nkhani zimene zakhalapobe mpaka kalekale, monga nthano ya mu Oedipus. Ngakhale kuti mapeto amadziwika (ngwaziyo idzapha bambo ake ndikukwatira amayi ake), izi sizimachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa omvera m'nkhaniyi.
Mothandizidwa ndi mbiri yakale, mukhoza kufotokoza ndondomeko ya zochitika, kumvetsetsa zolinga za anthu ena.
“Mwina n’kosavuta kwa ife kusanthula zambiri ndipo n’kosavuta kuika maganizo athu pa kumvetsa mozama mbiri yakale,” akutero Jonathan Leavitt. Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa timagwiritsa ntchito nkhani kufotokoza malingaliro ovuta, kuchokera ku zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo kupita ku chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Tengani nkhani ya Yobu m’Chipangano Chakale. Aisrayeli anapereka fanizo limeneli pofotokozera mbadwa chifukwa chimene munthu wabwino, woopa Mulungu angavutike ndi kukhala wosasangalala. Timapereka malingaliro ovuta kudzera munkhani chifukwa amatha kusinthidwa ndikusungidwa mosavuta kuposa zolemba zokhazikika.
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti timayankha bwino ku chidziwitso pamene chikaperekedwa m'njira yofotokozera. Zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati "chowonadi" zimawunikidwa mozama. Nkhani ndi njira yabwino yofotokozera chidziwitso chovuta. Ganizilani izi: mawu angakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa liwu limodzi kapena lingaliro, koma nkhani ikhoza kufotokoza zochitika zonse, kumvetsetsa zolinga za anthu ena, malamulo a chikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Wowononga - sizoyipa nthawi zonse. Imafewetsa nkhani yovuta kwambiri, kuti ikhale yosavuta kuimvetsa. Chifukwa cha iye, ife tiri okhudzidwa kwambiri mu mbiriyakale ndikumvetsetsa pamlingo wozama. Ndipo mwina, ngati nkhani "yowonongeka" ili yabwino mokwanira, ikhoza kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka masauzande.
Wolemba - Adori Duryappa, katswiri wa zamaganizo, wolemba.