Makampani akuluakulu apangidwa mozungulira zakudya. Zambiri mwazinthu zake zimapangidwa kuti zithandize anthu kuchepetsa thupi, kumanga minofu, kapena kukhala athanzi.
Koma pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chikuchulukirachulukira, asayansi akuthamanga kuti apeze chakudya chimene chingadyetse anthu 10 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2050.
Malinga ndi lipoti latsopano lofalitsidwa m’magazini ya zachipatala ya ku Britain yotchedwa Lancet, anthu akulimbikitsidwa kudya zakudya zozikidwa pa zomera zambiri ndi kuchepetsa kudya nyama, mkaka ndi shuga mmene angathere. Lipotilo linalembedwa ndi gulu la asayansi 30 ochokera padziko lonse lapansi omwe amaphunzira za zakudya ndi ndondomeko ya zakudya. Kwa zaka zitatu, afufuza ndikukambirana nkhaniyi ndi cholinga chofuna kupanga malingaliro omwe maboma angatengedwe kuti athetse vuto la moyo wa anthu omwe akukula padziko lonse lapansi.
"Ngakhale kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa nyama yofiira kapena kumwa mkaka kungapangitse cholingachi kukhala chovuta kapena chosatheka kukwaniritsa," chidule cha lipotilo chinati.
Olemba lipotilo adafika pamalingaliro awo poyesa zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana za kupanga chakudya, kuphatikiza mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi mbewu, nayitrogeni kapena phosphorous kuchokera ku feteleza, komanso kuwopseza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana chifukwa chakukula kwaulimi. Olemba lipotilo akutsutsa kuti ngati zinthu zonsezi zilamuliridwa, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya umene umayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo kungachepe, ndipo pakakhala malo okwanira kudyetsa chiŵerengero cha anthu omawonjezereka padziko lonse.
Malinga ndi lipotilo, kudya nyama ndi shuga padziko lonse lapansi kuyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi 50%. Malinga ndi a Jessica Fanso, mlembi wa lipoti komanso pulofesa wowona za mfundo za zakudya ndi makhalidwe abwino pa yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins, anthu amadya nyama mosiyanasiyana m’madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi komanso m’madera osiyanasiyana a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kudya nyama ku US kuyenera kuchepetsedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Koma m’maiko ena amene akukumana ndi vuto la chakudya, nyama imapanga kale pafupifupi 3 peresenti ya zakudya za anthu.
Fanso anati: “Tidzakhala m’mavuto ngati palibe chimene chingachitike.
Malingaliro ochepetsa kudya nyama, ndithudi, salinso atsopano. Koma malinga ndi Fanso, lipoti latsopanoli limapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira.
Olembawo adatcha gawo ili la ntchito yawo "Kusintha Kwambiri Chakudya" ndipo adalongosola njira zosiyanasiyana momwemo, kuyambira osagwira ntchito mpaka okhwima kwambiri, osaphatikizapo kusankha kwa ogula.
“Ndikuganiza kuti n’kovuta kuti anthu ayambe kusintha mmene zinthu zilili panopa chifukwa zolimbikitsa komanso mabungwe andale sakugwirizana nazo,” akutero Fanso. Lipotili likuti ngati boma lisintha ndondomeko yake yoti minda ipereke ndalama zothandizira, iyi ikhoza kukhala njira imodzi yowongola chakudya. Izi zitha kusintha mitengo yazakudya ndipo potero zimalimbikitsa ogula.
"Koma ngati dziko lonse lithandizira dongosololi ndi funso lina. Maboma apano sangafune kuchitapo kanthu pankhaniyi,” akutero Fanso.
Mkangano wotulutsa umuna
Sikuti akatswiri onse amavomereza kuti zakudya zochokera ku zomera ndizo chinsinsi cha chitetezo cha chakudya. Frank Mitlener, wasayansi pa yunivesite ya California, ananena kuti nyama ndi yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi mpweya umene umayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo.
“N’zoona kuti ziweto zimakhala ndi vuto, koma lipotilo likuoneka ngati ndi limene likuyambitsa mavuto a nyengo. Koma gwero lalikulu la mpweya wa carbohydrate ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyaka," akutero Mitlener.
Malinga ndi bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency, kuwotchedwa kwamafuta opangira mafakitale, magetsi ndi zoyendera kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Ulimi umapereka 9% ya mpweya, ndipo zoweta zimakhala pafupifupi 4%.
Mitlener amatsutsananso ndi njira ya Council kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wopangidwa ndi ziweto, ndipo akunena kuti gawo lalikulu kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa methane powerengera. Poyerekeza ndi mpweya wa carbon, methane imakhalabe mumlengalenga kwa nthawi yochepa, koma imagwira ntchito yaikulu pakutentha kwa nyanja.
Kuchepetsa kutaya zakudya
Ngakhale kuti malangizo a zakudya omwe aperekedwa mu lipotilo adatsutsidwa, ntchito yochepetsera kuwononga zakudya ikukula kwambiri. Ku US kokha, pafupifupi 30% yazakudya zonse zimawonongeka.
Njira zochepetsera zinyalala zafotokozedwa mu lipoti kwa ogula ndi opanga. Kusungirako bwinoko komanso ukadaulo wozindikira matenda atha kuthandiza mabizinesi kuchepetsa kuwononga chakudya, koma kuphunzitsa ogula ndi njira yabwino.
Kwa ambiri, kusintha kadyedwe kake ndi kuchepetsa kuwononga zakudya ndi chiyembekezo chodetsa nkhaŵa. Koma Katherine Kellogg, wolemba 101 Ways to Eliminate Waste, akuti zimangotengera $250 pamwezi.
“Pali njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito chakudya chathu popanda kuwononga, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri sadziwa za izo. Ndikudziwa kuphika gawo lililonse la ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo ndimazindikira kuti ichi ndi chimodzi mwazochita zanga zabwino kwambiri,” akutero Kellogg.
Kellogg, komabe, amakhala ku California, pafupi ndi madera omwe ali ndi misika yotsika mtengo ya alimi. Kwa madera ena okhala m’zipululu zotchedwa zakudya—zigawo kumene masitolo kapena misika mulibe—kupeza zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zatsopano kungakhale kovuta.
"Zochita zonse zomwe timalimbikitsa zilipo tsopano. Iyi siukadaulo wamtsogolo. Kungoti sanafikebe pamlingo waukulu,” anatero Fanso mwachidule.