Zamkatimu
Chilankhulo chimaperekedwa kwa munthu kuti azilankhulana ndi ena, kufotokoza malingaliro ake ndi kulandira chidziwitso. N'zosatheka kunena mosakayikira kuti chinenero chokongola kwambiri ndi chiyani: mikangano sinathe pa izi mumsasa wa akatswiri a zinenero ndi omasulira kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Zokongola zimatha kutchedwa French, British dialect of English (zosiyana ndi American).
Komanso zosangalatsa kumva ndi Spanish, Greek, Russian, our country. Mwa njira, akatswiri amanena kuti Chirasha ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo zovuta kwambiri kuti alendo aphunzire, ndipo Chitchaina sichinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri kumvetsera. Chilankhulo cha Chijeremani chimamveka bwino komanso chosangalatsa, pomwe Chitaliyana chimadzutsa zithunzi zakale zachiroma. Pansipa tikambirana mbiri ya zilankhulo 10 zapadziko lapansi.
10 Chilituyaniya
Akatswiri a zinenero amatsutsana za mizu Chilituyaniya kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 3. Pali malingaliro angapo komanso chiphunzitso chonyenga cha chiyambi cha chinenero cha anthu a ku Baltic. Tsopano chinenerochi ndi chimodzi mwa akuluakulu ku European Union, chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu pafupifupi XNUMX miliyoni. Chilankhulochi chikufanana ndi chilankhulo cha ku Europe, simungachitchule kuti chosasangalatsa m'makutu.
Mawu anyimbo, ngakhale "phlegmatic" a chinenerochi amakhazikika, ndipo moyo weniweniwo ku Baltic States wakhala ukuyenda mozama komanso momasuka kwa zaka mazana angapo. Anthu aku Lithuania amalankhula pang'onopang'ono, kujambula zilembo ndi mawu. Kuphunzira Chilituyaniya sikovuta konse, makamaka kwa Azungu ndi Asilavo. Chidziwitso cha chinenerocho ndi chovomerezeka kwa nzika za ku Lithuania ndi kusankha kwa "osakhala nzika" (pali lingaliro lotere m'malamulo a dziko).
9. Chinese
Chinese ndi imodzi mwa akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, mapangidwe ake adayamba m'zaka za XI BC. Zinenero zosiyanasiyana zaku China tsopano zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu opitilira 1 biliyoni. Pamodzi ndi Russian, ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo zovuta kuphunzira. Ngakhale mu Guinness Book of Records, iye anawonekera ndendende chifukwa cha zovuta. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, chinenerocho ndi "chakuthwa", pali zoimba zambiri.
Mwa njira, ma hieroglyphs aku Korea ndi Japan ndi achi China, omwe adabwerekedwa ndi anthu aku Asia m'nthawi zakale, koma "zamakono" pakapita nthawi. Ndizoseketsa, koma ngakhale kuti achi China ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana adagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chofanana, kale (ndipo ngakhale tsopano m'njira zambiri) samamvetsetsana. Pokhapokha m'ma 50s azaka zapitazi, boma la Ufumu wakumwamba linayambitsa chinenero chimodzi, chomwe chinali kutchulidwa kwa Beijing.
8. Russian
Zamakono Chirasha amachokera ku Old Slavonic, Church Slavonic ndi Old Russian zinenero. Zilankhulo zinazimiririka pang'onopang'ono pamalankhulidwe a anthu aku East Asilavo, kutchulidwa koyamba kwa chilankhulo chamakono kudawonekera pa nthawi ya ubatizo wa Rus cha m'ma 999 AD. Amakhulupirira kuti mabuku ndi zikalata zoyambirira za tchalitchi zidabwera ku Rus kuchokera ku Bulgaria atamasulira kuchokera ku Chigriki.
Cyril ndi Methodius anapatsa dzikolo chinenero cholembedwa chamakono, koma Chisilavo cha Tchalitchi, chimene chinalingaliridwa kukhala chinenero chalamulo, ndi Chisilavo Chachikale cha Tchalitchi Chakale (chongochokera kwa Cyril ndi Methodius) sichikanatha kulimbana. Komanso, ankaoneka kuti akuthandizana. Chabwino, kukonzanso kofunika kwambiri kwa chinenero cha Chirasha kunachitika pansi pa Peter Woyamba mu 1710. Chilankhulocho n'chovuta kuchiphunzira, koma chokongola m'mawu, makamaka mu nyimbo. Anthu pafupifupi 300 miliyoni amalankhula Chirasha.
7. Chitaliyana
Chiyankhulo cha Chitaliyana idawuka pamaziko a chilankhulo cha Florentine, pomwe Dante, Boccaccio ndi Petrarch adalemba. Kwenikweni, amatchedwa omwe amapanga chilankhulo chamakono cha Chitaliyana. Ngakhale kuti kale komanso m’mayiko ena, anthu okhala kudera lina la Italy sankamvetsa n’komwe anansi awo akutali. Tsopano chilankhulo cha Chitaliyana ndi chodziwika kwambiri pakuphunzira.
Chitaliyana chimalankhulidwa ku Italy palokha, Vatican, Switzerland ndi mayiko ena, mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena a Croatia ndi Slovenia. Zilembo ndi zazifupi kwambiri m'zinenero za ku Ulaya, pali zilembo 26 zokha. Pafupifupi anthu 70 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi amalankhula Chitaliyana. Popeza kuti mawu ambiri a m’chinenerocho amathera m’mavawelo, chinenerocho n’chokongola kwambiri komanso chomveka bwino.
6. Korean
Akatswiri a zinenero amanena zimenezo Korean pafupifupi zaka 500. M'mbuyomu, zilembo zaku China zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Korea, ndikuzisintha pang'onopang'ono. Zilembozi zili ndi zilembo 29, 10 mwazo ndi mavawelo. Chilankhulo cha ku Korea ndi chovuta kwambiri, koma "chaulemu", titero kunena kwake. Ndizoseketsa, koma aku Korea amagwiritsa ntchito manambala aku Korea kwa maola ndi manambala achi China kwa mphindi. Ngakhale liwu lanthawi zonse lakuti “zikomo” limachulidwa mosiyana, malingana ndi amene lalembedwera.
Ngakhale "nkhawa" ya chinenerochi, nyimbo za ku Korea zimakhala zomveka komanso zokongola. Njira yosavuta yophunzirira Chikorea ndikudziwa Chitchaina kapena Chijapani, ndiye chilankhulo chosavuta kwambiri cha ku Asia kuphunzira. Anthu pafupifupi 75 miliyoni amalankhula Chikorea Chamakono masiku ano.
5. Greek
Chigriki idayamba cha m'ma XNUMX BC, idasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndikuwongolera. Zipilala zazikulu zakale za chinenerocho ndi ndakatulo zokongola "Odyssey" ndi "Iliad" za Homer, ngakhale asayansi amatsutsanabe za izi. Inde, ndipo masoka ena ndi nthabwala za Agiriki zafika ku nthawi yathu. Chilankhulochi chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chosavuta kuphunzira, choyimba komanso "choyimba".
Sukulu ya Athene ya filosofi ndi zofotokozera ndizofotokozera, izi ndi chifukwa cha chitukuko chapamwamba cha luso la mawu m'dzikoli kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 12 BC. Pafupifupi anthu 25 miliyoni amalankhula gulu lachi Greek la zilankhulo masiku ano, ndipo pafupifupi XNUMX% ya mawu aku Russia ndi oyambira achi Greek.
4. Chiyukireniya
Chilankhulo cha Chiyukireniya idawuka pamaziko a zilankhulo zina zaku South Russian zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera a Rostov ndi Voronezh, chilankhulocho chidapangidwa mwachinyengo. Chisilavo Russian phonetics anapotozedwa mwadala, phokoso ena anayamba kusinthidwa ndi ena, koma ambiri, m'dera la Central Russia, chinenero Chiyukireniya anamvetsa ambiri okhala m'dzikoli. Dziko la our country palokha silinakhalepo, ndipo maikowo anali a Poland, Hungary ndi mayiko ena.
Chilankhulocho ndi chokoma komanso chokongola, anthu ambiri amakonda nyimbo za Chiyukireniya. Nthawi zambiri wokhala ku Kyiv samvetsa mnansi wake ku Ivano-Frankivsk, pamene Muscovites ndi Siberia amalankhula chinenero chomwecho. Chilankhulo cha Chiyukireniya ndi chosavuta kuphunzira, makamaka kwa anthu aku Russia, a Belarus, a Poles.
3. Chiarabu
History Arabic mu mawonekedwe amakono kapena ocheperapo ali pafupi zaka 1000. Mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi adabwereka mayina a manambala kuchokera kwa Aluya. Chiyankhulo cha Chiarabu ndi chomveka bwino komanso chomveka pofufuza mozama, koma osati chosangalatsa kwambiri ku Ulaya. Komabe, nyimbo zachiarabu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kumveka kwawo komanso kukongola kwapadera kwakummawa.
Mbali ina ya chilankhulochi ndikugawika kwake kukhala zolemba zakale (mizu yake imachokera ku Koran), zamakono komanso zodziwika bwino. Arabu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana samvetsetsana kawirikawiri chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zilankhulo. Koma, pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero chamakono m’kulankhula, amamvetsetsa anansi awo. Chilankhulo cha Chiarabu chili ndi milandu itatu yokha, ndikosavuta kuphunzira mwachangu.
2. Spanish
pa Spanish olankhulidwa lero ndi anthu pafupifupi 500 miliyoni. Chilankhulochi ndi cha gulu limodzi la zilankhulo za Chiromance. Ichi ndi chilankhulo chokoma komanso chokongola; nyimbo zikumveka modabwitsa mu Spanish. Mawu ambiri adabwereka kwa Arabu (pafupifupi 4 zikwi). M'zaka za m'ma XVI-XVIII, anthu a ku Spaniards adapeza zambiri za malo, ndikuyambitsa chinenero chawo ku chikhalidwe cha mayiko a South America, Africa ndi mayiko ena a ku Asia.
Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo okhazikitsidwa kale, chinenero cha Chisipanishi chikupitirizabe kukula komanso kusintha masiku ano. Amaonedwa kuti ndi osavuta kuphunzira, ndipo tsopano amalankhulidwa m’mayiko 20 padziko lonse.
1. French
Chimodzi mwa zilankhulo zokongola kwambiri ku Europe, zochokera ku chilankhulo chodziwika bwino cha Chilatini. Chikoka chake pa mapangidwe French adathandiziranso zilankhulo ndi zilankhulo zaku Germany ndi Celtic. Aliyense amadziwa nyimbo zokongola ndi mafilimu mu French. Ambiri akale achi Russia analemba mu nthawi yawo mu French, mwachitsanzo, Leo Tolstoy analemba ntchito yake yaikulu "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" m'chinenero ichi.
Kusadziŵa Chifalansa m'magulu apamwamba kunali kuonedwa ngati mawonekedwe oipa, anthu ambiri olemekezeka amalankhulana mokha. Chifalansa chili pamalo 8 padziko lonse lapansi potengera kutchuka, chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu pafupifupi 220 miliyoni.