Zamkatimu
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma nozzles apadera (bits) mu ntchito ya msonkhano kunali pa nthawi ina chifukwa cha kulephera kofulumira kwa nsonga za screwdrivers wamba pa ntchito yawo akatswiri. Pachifukwa ichi, ma bits osinthika, opangidwa mu theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 20, adakhala opindulitsa komanso osavuta.
Pomangitsa zomangira mazana angapo zodziwombera ndi screwdriver ndi nsonga, adayamba kusintha osati screwdriver, koma nozzle yake yokha, yomwe inali yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, pogwira ntchito ndi mitundu ingapo ya zomangira nthawi imodzi, zida zambiri zosiyanasiyana sizinali zofunikira. M'malo mwake, mu screwdriver imodzi, zinali zokwanira kusintha nozzle, zomwe zinatenga masekondi ochepa chabe.
Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chinayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma bits chinali kupangidwa kwa mitu yokhazikika yokhazikika. Ambiri mwa iwo anali cruciform - PH ndi PZ. Pofufuza mosamala za mapangidwe awo, zitha kudziwika kuti nsonga ya mphuno, yopanikizidwa pakati pa wononga mutu, sichikumana ndi mphamvu zofananira zomwe zimachiponya pamutu.
Malinga ndi dongosolo la dongosolo lodzikonda, mitundu ina ya mitu yomangirira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano imamangidwanso. Amakulolani kupotoza zinthu osati pa liwiro lotsika, komanso pa liwiro lalikulu ndi katundu wamkulu wa axial.
Zotsalira zokha ndi zowongoka zamtundu wa S. Zinapangidwa m'mbiri kuti zikhale zomangira zoyamba zoboola pamanja. Kuwongolera pang'ono m'mipata sikuchitika, chifukwa chake, pakuwonjezeka kwa liwiro lozungulira kapena kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa axial, nozzle imatuluka pamutu wokwera.
Izi zadzaza ndi kuwonongeka kwa kutsogolo kwa chinthu chomwe chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, pamakina opangira zinthu zovuta, kulumikizana ndi zinthu zokhala ndi slot yowongoka sikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kumangokhala ndi zomangira zosafunikira kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi maulendo otsika opotoka. Mukasonkhanitsa zinthu ndi zida zamakina, mitundu yokhayo ya zomangira imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe kukwanira kodalirika kwa nozzle kwa cholumikizira kumatsimikiziridwa.
Kugawika pang'ono
Zomangamanga zimatha kugawidwa motsatira njira zingapo:
- mtundu wa zomangira dongosolo;
- kukula kwa mutu;
- kutalika kwa ndodo;
- ndodo zinthu;
- zokutira zitsulo;
- mapangidwe (amodzi, awiri);
- kuthekera kwa kupindika (zabwinobwino ndi zopindika).
Chofunikira kwambiri ndikugawanitsa ma bits kukhala mitundu ya zomangira. Pali zambiri za izo, zofala kwambiri zidzakambidwa m'ndime zingapo.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zamoyo imakhala ndi miyeso ingapo yofananira, yosiyana kukula kwa mutu wa zida ndi kagawo kolumikizira komwe kumayenderana nayo. Amasankhidwa ndi manambala. Zing'onozing'ono zimayambira ku 0 kapena 1. Malingaliro a mtunduwo amasonyeza ma diameter a ulusi wa zomangira zomwe pang'ono pansi pa nambala yeniyeni imapangidwira. Chifukwa chake, PH2 pang'ono itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomangira zokhala ndi ulusi wa 3,1 mpaka 5,0 mm, PH1 imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomangira pawokha ndi mainchesi a 2,1-3,0, ndi zina zambiri.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mosavuta, ma bits amapezeka ndi kutalika kosiyanasiyana kwa shaft - kuchokera 25 mm mpaka 150 mm. Kuluma kwa kachidutswa kakang'ono kumafika pamipata m'malo omwe chogwirizira chake chowoneka bwino sichingalowe.
Zipangizo ndi zokutira
Zida za alloy zomwe pang'onopang'ono zimapangidwira ndi chitsimikizo cha kukhazikika kwake kapena, mosiyana, kufewa kwa kapangidwe kake, komwe, pamene mphamvu zotchulidwazo zadutsa, sizomwe zimasweka, koma pang'ono. M'magulu ena ovuta, chiŵerengero chotere cha mphamvu chimafunika.
Komabe, pamapulogalamu ambiri, wogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi chidwi ndi kuchuluka komwe kungatheke kwa ma fastener twists ndi pang'ono. Kuti mupeze zingwe zolimba zomwe sizimathyoka chifukwa cha brittleness ya alloy, musafooke pazigawo zodzaza kwambiri, ma alloys osiyanasiyana ndi zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- zitsulo zothamanga kwambiri za carbon kuchokera ku R7 mpaka R12;
- chida zitsulo S2;
- chrome vanadium aloyi;
- aloyi wa tungsten ndi molybdenum;
- aloyi wa chromium ndi molybdenum ndi ena.
Ntchito yofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu za bits zimaseweredwa ndi zokutira zapadera. Choncho, wosanjikiza wa aloyi chromium-vanadium amateteza chida ku dzimbiri, ndi mafunsidwe a wosanjikiza nitride titaniyamu kumawonjezera kuuma kwake ndi kuvala kukana. Chophimba cha diamondi (tungsten-diamond-carbon), tungsten-nickel ndi ena ali ndi zofanana.
Titaniyamu nitride wosanjikiza pang'onopang'ono amadziwikiratu ndi mtundu wake wagolide, wa diamondi mwa mawonekedwe owala a nsonga ya mbola. Zimakhala zovuta kudziwa mtundu wachitsulo kapena aloyi ya bits, wopanga nthawi zambiri sapereka kapena kubisala chidziwitsochi pazofuna zamalonda. Nthawi zina, kalasi yachitsulo (S2, mwachitsanzo) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumodzi mwa nkhope.
Zisankho zakapangidwe
Mwa mapangidwe, pang'ono amatha kukhala amodzi (kuluma mbali imodzi, shank ya hexagonal mbali inayo) kapena iwiri (mbola ziwiri pamapeto). Mtundu wotsirizirawu uli ndi moyo wautumiki wapawiri (mbola zonsezo ndi zofanana) kapena zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito (mbola zimasiyana kukula kapena mtundu). Choyipa chokha cha mtundu uwu wa pang'ono ndi chosatheka khazikitsa mu bukhuli screwdriver.
Ma bits amatha kupangidwa m'mitundu yokhazikika komanso ya torsion. M'mapangidwe otsiriza, nsonga yokha ndi shank imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuyika kolimba kwa masika. Izo, pogwira ntchito yokhotakhota, imatumiza torque ndikukulolani kuti mupinde pang'ono, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wopezeka m'malo ovuta. Kasupe amatenganso mphamvu zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa, kulepheretsa pang'ono kuswa splines.
Ma torsion bits amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madalaivala okhudza momwe mphamvu yoyambukira imagwiritsidwira ntchito mokhazikika pabwalo lopukutira. Ma bits amtunduwu ndi okwera mtengo kuposa ma bits wamba, amakhala nthawi yayitali, amakulolani kupotoza zomangira zazitali kukhala zida zowirira zomwe ma bits wamba sangathe kupirira.
Kuti agwiritse ntchito mosavuta, ma bits amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Aliyense kutsatira waukulu muyezo kukula (25 mm) ndi 20-30 mm yaitali kuposa yapitayo - ndi zina zotero mpaka 150 mm.
Chofunikira kwambiri cha biti ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa mu kuchuluka kwa zomangira zomwe zidasokonekera chida chisanathe. Kusinthika kwa mbola kumawonekera mwa "kunyambita" kwapang'onopang'ono kwa nthiti m'kati mwa ndondomeko ya kachidutswa kakang'ono kamene kamatuluka. Pachifukwa ichi, zitsulo zogonjetsedwa kwambiri ndizo zomwe sizimayesedwa kuti ziwatulutse kunja kwa kagawo.
Mwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, amaphatikiza ma H, Torx machitidwe ndi zosintha zawo. Pankhani ya kukhudzana kwambiri pakati pa bits ndi fasteners, pali machitidwe ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo anti-vandal, koma kugawa kwawo kumakhala kochepa pazifukwa zingapo zamakono.
Mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma bits omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito
Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya ma bitti, kuphatikiza omwe atha ntchito chifukwa chochepa luso laukadaulo, akuyerekezedwa pa khumi ndi awiri. Masiku ano, mitundu yotsatilayi ya screwdriver ili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri logwiritsira ntchito muukadaulo wa fastener:
- PH (Phillips) - mtanda;
- PZ (Pozidriv) - cruciform;
- Hex (wotchulidwa ndi chilembo H) - hexagonal;
- Torx (yosonyezedwa ndi zilembo T kapena TX) - mu mawonekedwe a nyenyezi zisanu ndi chimodzi.
PH nozzles
PH Phillips Blade, yomwe idayambitsidwa pambuyo pa 1937, inali chida choyamba chodzipangira chokha poyendetsa zomangira zomangira zomangira. Kusiyanitsa kwabwino kuchokera ku mbola yathyathyathya kunali kuti mtanda wa PH sunachoke pa slot ngakhale ndi kasinthasintha mwachangu chida. Zowona, izi zimafuna mphamvu ya axial (kukankhira pang'ono motsutsana ndi chomangira), koma kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta kwakula kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mipata yafulati.
Kumanga kunkafunikanso mu zomangira zathyathyathya, koma pomangitsa PH pang'ono, sikunali kofunikira kuyika chidwi ndi kuyesetsa kuchepetsa kuthekera kwakuti nsonga itulukemo. Liwiro lokhotakhota (kupanga) lakula kwambiri ngakhale pogwira ntchito ndi screwdriver yamanja. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira ma ratchet, kenako ma screwdriver a pneumatic ndi magetsi, nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zogwirira ntchito kangapo, zomwe zimapulumutsa ndalama zambiri pakupanga kwamtundu uliwonse.
PH mbola ili ndi masamba anayi, ozungulira mu makulidwe kumapeto kwa pang'ono. Amagwiranso mbali zokwerera za chomangira ndikumangitsa. Dongosololi limatchedwa dzina la injiniya yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa fastener (Phillips).
Ma bits a PH amapezeka mumiyeso isanu - PH 0, 1, 2, 3 ndi 4. Kutalika kwa shaft - kuchokera ku 25 (zoyambira) mpaka 150 mm.
Zithunzi za PZ
Pafupifupi zaka 30 pambuyo pake (mu 1966) PZ fastening system (Pozidriv) inapangidwa. Idapangidwa ndi Philips Screw Company. Mawonekedwe a PZ sting ndi cruciform, monga a PH, komabe, mitundu yonse iwiriyi ili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kotero kuti sikulola kuti mileme ya dongosolo limodzi ikhazikitse bwino zomangira za wina. Ngodya yakunola kumapeto kwa pang'ono ndi yosiyana - mu PZ ndi yakuthwa (50º motsutsana ndi 55 º). Masamba a PZ sakhala ngati a PH, koma amakhala ofanana mu makulidwe muutali wawo wonse. Zinali mawonekedwe apangidwe awa omwe adachepetsa mphamvu yakukankhira nsonga kuchokera pagawo ponyamula katundu wambiri (kuthamanga kwambiri kapena kukana kozungulira). Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka kachidutswa kakang'ono kunapangitsa kulumikizana kwake ndi mutu wa cholumikizira, zomwe zidakulitsa moyo wautumiki wa chida.
Mphuno ya PZ imasiyana ndi PH m'mawonekedwe - ma grooves mbali zonse za tsamba lililonse, kupanga zinthu zoloza zomwe palibe pa PH bit. Nayenso, kuti asiyanitse ndi PH, opanga amagwiritsa ntchito notche zodziwika pa zomangira za PZ, zosinthidwa ndi 45º kutali ndi mphamvu. Izi zimathandiza wogwiritsa ntchito kuyenda mwachangu posankha chida.
PZ bits amapezeka mumiyeso itatu PZ 1, 2 ndi 3. Kutalika kwa shaft kumachokera ku 25 mpaka 150 mm.
Kutchuka kwakukulu kwa machitidwe a PH ndi PZ kumafotokozedwa ndi kuthekera kwabwino kwa zida zodziwikiratu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamizere yapamzere komanso kutsika mtengo kwa zida ndi zomangira. M'machitidwe ena, zopindulitsazi zimakhala ndi zolimbikitsa zochepa pazachuma, choncho sizinatengedwe kwambiri.
Nozzles Hex
Maonekedwe a nsonga, yosonyezedwa ndi chilembo H polembapo, ndi hexagonal prism. Dongosololi linapangidwa kale mu 1910, ndipo likuyenda bwino masiku ano. Chifukwa chake, zomangira zotsimikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani opanga mipando zimapindika ndi ma bits a H 4 mm. Chida ichi chimatha kutumiza torque yayikulu. Chifukwa cha kulumikizana kolimba ndi cholumikizira cholumikizira, chimakhala ndi moyo wautali wautumiki. Palibe kuyesetsa kukankhira pang'ono kunja kwa kagawo. Nozzles H akupezeka kukula kwake kuchokera 1,5 mm mpaka 10 mm.
Zigawo za Torx
Ma Torx bits akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo kuyambira 1967. Adaphunzitsidwa koyamba ndi kampani yaku America Textron. Mbola ndi prism yokhala ndi maziko ngati nyenyezi yokhala ndi nsonga zisanu ndi imodzi. Dongosololi limadziwika ndi kukhudzana kwambiri kwa chidacho ndi zomangira, kutha kufalitsa makokedwe apamwamba. Kugawidwa kwambiri m'mayiko a America ndi Europe, ponena za kutchuka, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kuli pafupi ndi machitidwe a PH ndi PZ. Kusintha kwamakono kwa dongosolo la Torx ndi "asterisk" ya mawonekedwe omwewo, kuwonjezeredwa ndi dzenje pakatikati pa axial. Zomangira zake zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical. Kuphatikiza pa kukhudzana kolimba pakati pa kachidutswa kakang'ono ndi screw mutu, kapangidwe kameneka kalinso ndi anti-vandal katundu, kuphatikiza kumasula kosavomerezeka kwa kulumikizana.
Mitundu ina ya nozzles
Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe otchuka a nozzles omwe akufotokozedwa, pali mitundu yochepa yodziwika bwino komanso yosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa screwdriver. Bits amagwera m'magulu awo:
- pansi pa slot yowongoka mtundu S (yotsekedwa - yotsekedwa);
- Mtundu wa hexagon Hex wokhala ndi dzenje pakati;
- prism lalikulu mtundu Robertson;
- foloko mtundu SP ("mphanda", "diso la njoka");
- mapiko atatu amtundu wa Tri-Wing;
- mtundu wamtundu wa Torg Set;
- ndi ena.
Makampani amapanga makina awo apadera a bit-fastener kuti alepheretse omwe si akatswiri kuti alowe m'zipinda za zida komanso kuti atetezedwe kwa owononga zinthu.
Malangizo pang'ono
Mleme wabwino umatha kugwira ntchito zambiri zomangitsa zomangira kuposa mnzake wosavuta. Kuti musankhe chida chomwe mukufuna, muyenera kulumikizana ndi kampani yamalonda yomwe antchito ake mumawakhulupirira ndikupeza malingaliro oyenera. Ngati izi sizingatheke, sankhani ma bits kuchokera kwa opanga odziwika bwino - Bosch, Makita, DeWALT, Milwaukee.
Samalani kukhalapo kwa zokutira zowumitsa za titaniyamu nitride, ndipo, ngati n'kotheka, kuzinthu zomwe zimapangidwa. Njira yabwino yosankha ndikuyesa chida chimodzi kapena ziwiri mubizinesi yanu. Chifukwa chake sikuti mumangokhazikitsa mtundu wazinthuzo nokha, komanso mutha kupereka malingaliro kwa anzanu. Mwina mudzayima panjira yotsika mtengo yomwe ili ndi zabwino zambiri pazachuma kapena zaukadaulo kuposa zoyambirira zamakampani otchuka.