"Ndine wosadya masamba, koma ndimadya nsomba." Kodi munamvapo mawuwa? Ndakhala ndikufuna kufunsa amene amanena kuti, kodi nsombazo amaganiza bwanji? Amaiona ngati masamba ngati karoti kapena kolifulawa!
Nsomba zosauka zakhala zikuchitiridwa mwano kwambiri, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti n’chifukwa chakuti munthu wina anali ndi lingaliro lanzeru lakuti nsomba sizimva kupweteka. Taganizirani izi. Nsomba zili ndi chiwindi ndi m'mimba, magazi, maso ndi makutu - makamaka, ziwalo zambiri zamkati, monga ife - koma nsomba sizimva ululu? Ndiye nchifukwa chiyani amafunikira dongosolo lapakati lamanjenje lomwe limatumiza zilankhulo kupita ku ubongo, kuphatikiza kumva kuwawa. Zoonadi, nsomba imamva ululu, yomwe ili mbali ya njira yopulumukira. Ngakhale kuti nsombazo zimatha kumva ululu, palibe zoletsa kapena malamulo a momwe angapha. Mutha kuchita naye chilichonse chomwe mungafune. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zimaphedwa potsegula mimba ndi mpeni ndikutulutsa matumbo, kapena amaponyedwa m'mabokosi momwe amazimitsira. Kuti ndidziwe zambiri zokhudza nsomba, nthawi ina ndinayenda paulendo wapanyanja ndipo ndinadabwa kwambiri ndi zimene ndinaona. Ndinaphunzira zinthu zoipa zambiri, koma choipitsitsa chinali chimene chinachitika ku flounder, nsomba yaikulu yophwanthira yokhala ndi minyanga yalalanje. Anaponyedwa m’bokosi ndi nsomba zina ndipo ola limodzi pambuyo pake ndinamvadi akufa. Ndinauza mmodzi wa amalinyerowo, amene mosazengereza anayamba kum’menya ndi chibonga. Ndinkaona kuti kuli bwino kusiyana ndi kufa chifukwa chozimitsidwa ndipo ndinkaganiza kuti nsombayo yafa. Pambuyo pa maola asanu ndi limodzi, ndinawona kuti pakamwa ndi mphuno zawo zinali kutseguka ndi kutseka chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Kuzunzidwa kumeneku kunatenga maola khumi. Anatulukira njira zosiyanasiyana zopha nsomba. M’sitima imene ndinakwera munali cholemera kwambiri trawl net. Zolemera zolemera zinagwira ukonde pansi pa nyanja, ukugwedezeka ndi kupera pamene ukuyenda kudutsa mchenga ndikupha mazana a zamoyo. Nsomba yogwidwa ikatulutsidwa m’madzi, matumbo ake ndi mabowo a maso amatha kuphulika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri nsombazo “zimamira” chifukwa zimakhala zambiri muukonde moti mphuno sizimakoka. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, nyama zina zambiri zimalowa muukonde - kuphatikizapo starfish, nkhanu ndi nkhono, zimaponyedwa m'nyanja kuti zife. Pali malamulo ena opha nsomba - makamaka amakhudzana ndi kukula kwa maukonde ndi ndani komanso komwe angasodze. Malamulowa amayambitsidwa ndi mayiko omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Palinso malamulo a kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe mungagwire. Iwo akutchedwa chiwerengero cha nsomba. Zingawoneke kuti malamulowa amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa, koma kwenikweni palibe chinthu choterocho. Izi ndizovuta kudziwa kuti ndi nsomba zingati zomwe zatsala. Ku Ulaya, chiwerengero cha nsomba chimagwira ntchito motere: tenga cod ndi haddock, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala pamodzi. Ukonde ukaponyedwa, ngati cod wagwidwa, ndiyenso haddock. Koma nthawi zina woyendetsa sitimayo amabisa nsomba zosaloledwa za haddock m'malo obisika m'sitimayo. Mwachionekere, nsomba imeneyi idzaponyedwanso m’nyanja, koma pali vuto limodzi, nsomba imeneyi idzakhala itafa kale! Zikuoneka kuti nsomba zochulukira makumi anayi pa zana kuposa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zimafa motere. Tsoka ilo, si haddock yokha yomwe imavutika ndi malamulo amisalawa, koma mtundu uliwonse wa nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa mu dongosolo la quota. M’nyanja zikuluzikulu zapadziko lonse lapansi kapena m’madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja a maiko osauka, kusodza sikukuyendetsedwa bwino. Ndipotu, pali malamulo ochepa kwambiri omwe mtundu wotere wa nsomba wawonekera ngati NSOMBA ZA NYATSI. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, ukonde wowonda kwambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito, womwe umagwira chamoyo chilichonse, palibe ngakhale nsomba yaying'ono kapena nkhanu yomwe ingatuluke muukondewu. Anglers ku South Seas ali ndi njira yatsopano komanso yonyansa kwambiri yogwirira nsomba za shaki. Zimaphatikizapo mfundo yakuti shaki zogwidwa zimadulidwa zipsepse zidakali zamoyo. Kenako nsombazo zimaponyedwanso m’nyanja kuti zife chifukwa cha mantha. Izi zimachitika kwa shaki 100 miliyoni chaka chilichonse, zonse za supu ya shark yomwe imaperekedwa m'malo odyera achi China padziko lonse lapansi. Njira ina yodziwika, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito purse seine. Mphepete mwa nyanjayi imakwirira gulu lalikulu la nsomba ndipo palibe imodzi yomwe ingathawe. Ukondewo suli wokhuthala kwambiri choncho nsomba zing’onozing’ono zimatha kutuluka muukondewo, koma akuluakulu ambiri amakhalabe muukondewo ndipo amene amatha kuthawa sangathe kuswana msanga kuti abweze zotayikazo. N’zomvetsa chisoni, koma n’kusodza kotereku m’pamene ma dolphin ndi nyama zina za m’madzi zimaloŵa muukonde. Mitundu ina ya nsomba, kuphatikizapo njira imene mazana nyambo mbedza zomangika ku chingwe cha usodzi chotambasula makilomita angapo. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamwala yomwe imatha kuthyola ukonde. Zophulika ndi zinthu zakupha, monga zamadzimadzi zowulitsa, ndi mbali ya luso la usodzi limene limapha nyama zambiri kuposa nsomba. Mwinamwake njira yowononga kwambiri yosodza ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito drift network. Ukondewo ndi wopangidwa ndi nayiloni woonda koma wamphamvu ndipo suoneka m’madzi. Amatchedwa "khoma la imfa“chifukwa nyama zambiri zimakodwa m’menemo n’kufa – anangumi ang’onoang’ono, anangumi ang’onoang’ono, akatumbu a ubweya, mbalame, cheza ndi nsomba za shaki. Onse amatayidwa chifukwa asodzi amangogwira nsomba za tuna. Pafupifupi ma dolphin miliyoni amamwalira chaka chilichonse m'makoka chifukwa sangathe kukwera pamwamba kuti apume. Maukonde a Drift tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi ndipo, posachedwa, adawonekera ku UK ndi ku Europe, komwe kutalika kwa ukonde kuyenera kukhala kosapitilira makilomita 2.5. M'malo otseguka a Nyanja ya Pacific ndi Atlantic, komwe kulibe kuwongolera kochepa, kutalika kwa maukonde kumatha kufika 30 kapena kupitirira makilomita. Nthawi zina maukondewa amathyoka pakagwa chimphepo n’kuyandama, kupha ndi kulemala nyama. Pamapeto pake, ukondewo, wodzaza ndi mitembo, umamira pansi. Patapita kanthawi, matupiwo amawola ndipo ukondewo umakweranso pamwamba kuti upitirize kuwononga kopanda pake ndi kuwononga. Chaka chilichonse, zombo zamalonda zamalonda zimagwira nsomba pafupifupi matani 100 miliyoni, ambiri mwa anthu omwe amagwidwa alibe nthawi yofikira msinkhu wa kugonana, kotero kuti zinthu zomwe zili m'nyanjayi sizikhala ndi nthawi yowonjezera. Chaka chilichonse zinthu zikuipiraipira. Nthaŵi zonse munthu monga bungwe la United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization akumbutsidwa za kuwonongeka kumene kukuchitikanso, machenjezo ameneŵa amangonyalanyazidwa. Aliyense amadziwa kuti nyanja ikufa, koma palibe amene akufuna kuchita chilichonse kuti asiye kusodza, ndalama zambiri zikhoza kutayika. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, nyanja zagawanika kukhala 17 malo ophera nsomba. Malinga ndi kunena kwa bungwe la Agricultural Organization, asanu ndi anayi a iwo tsopano ali mumkhalidwe wa “kutsika koopsa kwa zamoyo zina.” Madera ena asanu ndi atatu ali mumkhalidwe wofanana, makamaka chifukwa cha kusodza mopambanitsa. International Council for the Study of the Seas (ICES) - katswiri wotsogola padziko lonse lapansi pazanyanja ndi nyanja - alinso ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Nyama zazikuluzikulu za mackerel zomwe kale zinkakhala ku North Sea tsopano zatha, malinga ndi ICES. ICES imachenjezanso kuti m’zaka zisanu, imodzi mwa zamoyo zofala kwambiri m’nyanja za ku Ulaya, nsomba za cod, zidzatha posachedwapa. Palibe cholakwika ndi zonsezi ngati mumakonda jellyfish, chifukwa ndi okhawo omwe angapulumuke. Koma choipitsitsanso n’chakuti nthawi zambiri nyama zogwidwa m’nyanja sizikhala patebulo. Amapangidwa kukhala feteleza kapena kupanga polishi wa nsapato kapena makandulo. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chakudya cha ziweto. Kodi inu mukukhulupirira izo? Timapha nsomba zambiri, timazipanga, timapanga ma pellets ndikudyetsa nsomba zina! Kuti tikule kilogalamu imodzi ya nsomba pafamu, timafunikira mapaundi 4 a nsomba zakutchire. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti ulimi wa nsomba ndi njira yothetsera vuto la kutha kwa nyanja, koma n’kuwononganso chimodzimodzi. Nsomba mamiliyoni ambiri zimatsekeredwa m’madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo mitengo ya mango yomwe imamera m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi imadulidwa unyinji waukulu kuti ipezeke pafamu. M’madera monga Philippines, Kenya, India ndi Thailand, nkhalango zopitirira 70 peresenti ya nkhalango za mango zasoŵa kale ndipo zikudulidwa. Nkhalango za mango zimakhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, zomera ndi zinyama zoposa 2000 zimakhala mmenemo. Kumenekonso ndi kumene 80 peresenti ya nsomba zonse za m’madzi padzikoli zimaswana. Mafamu ansomba omwe amapezeka pamalo a minda ya mango amaipitsa madzi, amaphimba pansi pa nyanja ndi zinyalala za chakudya ndi ndowe, zomwe zimawononga zamoyo zonse. Nsombazi zimasungidwa m’makola modzaza ndi anthu ndipo zimayamba kudwala ndipo amapatsidwa mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga nsabwe za m’nyanja. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, chilengedwe chaipitsidwa kwambiri kotero kuti mafamu a nsomba amasamutsidwira kumalo ena, minda ya mango imadulidwanso. Ku Norway ndi UK, makamaka m'nyanja za fjords ndi ku Scottish, minda ya nsomba imamera nsomba za Atlantic. Mwachilengedwe, nsomba za salimoni zimasambira momasuka kuchokera ku mitsinje yopapatiza yamapiri kupita kukuya kwa Atlantic ku Greenland. Nsombayi ndi yamphamvu kwambiri moti imatha kudumpha m’mathithi kapena kusambira polimbana ndi mafunde amphamvu. Anthu anayesa kuletsa chibadwa chimenechi ndi kusunga nsombazi zochuluka kwambiri m’makola achitsulo. Mfundo yakuti nyanja ndi nyanja zikuchepa, anthu okha ndi amene ali ndi mlandu. Tangolingalirani zimene zimachitikira mbalame, akatumbu, ma dolphin ndi nyama zina zimene zimadya nsomba. Iwo akumenyera kale kuti apulumuke, ndipo tsogolo lawo likuoneka kuti silili bwino. Ndiye mwina tiwasiyire nsombazo?