Viscera ya m'mimba ndi ziwalo zonse zomwe zili m'mimba. Ziwalo zonsezi zimagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika kwambiri: kugaya chakudya, kuyeretsa ndi kubereka. Atha kukhudzidwa ndi ma pathologies ena omwe amapezeka (kutupa, zotupa, zolakwika) kapena zolakwika zomwe zimakhala zachiwalo chilichonse. 

Viscera ya m'mimba ndi ziwalo zonse zomwe zili m'mimba.

The viscera m`mimba thirakiti

• M'mimba: chiwalo cham'mimba chokhala ngati nyemba, chimakhala pakati pa kummero ndi matumbo aang'ono;
• Matumbo ang'onoang'ono: amaphatikizapo gawo lokhazikika, duodenum, yomwe imakulungidwa ndi kapamba, ndi gawo loyendetsa, jejuno-ileum yopangidwa ndi 15 kapena 16 U-mawonekedwe a m'matumbo a U-wofanana ndi omwe amalumikizana;
• M'matumbo, kapena matumbo akuluakulu, amakhala pakati pa matumbo aang'ono ndi rectum;
• Rectum ndiye gawo lomaliza la kugaya chakudya.

The viscera wophatikizidwa ndi m`mimba thirakiti 

• Chiwindi: chomwe chili pansi pa diaphragm, ndicho chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri m'thupi la munthu. Maonekedwe a katatu, ali ndi maonekedwe ofiira-bulauni, ophwanyika komanso ophwanyika, ndipo pamwamba pake ndi osalala. Amapangidwa ndi ma lobe anayi;
• Chikhodzodzo cha ndulu: chikhodzodzo chaching'ono chomwe chili pansi pa chiwindi, chimalumikizidwa ndi njira yayikulu ya ndulu (imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimakhetsa ndulu yotulutsidwa ndi chiwindi) ndi cystic duct;
• Pancreas: yomwe ili kuseri kwa m'mimba, gland iyi ili ndi ziwalo ziwiri zomwe zimatuluka mkati ndi kunja;
• Mphuno: chiwalo chofewa chofanana ndi kukula kwa nkhonya, chili pansi pa nthiti;
• Impso: Ziwalo zofiira zakuda zooneka ngati nyemba, zomwe zili mbali zonse za msana. Chiwalo chachikulu cha impso, chotchedwa nephron, chimapangidwa ndi chiwalo chosefera (glomerulus) ndi chiwalo chosungunula ndi kuyika mkodzo (tubule).

Nyini, chiberekero ndi ziwalo zina (chikhodzodzo, prostate, urethra) ndi urogenital viscera.

Viscera ya m'mimba imakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zazikulu zitatu:

Kugaya chakudya

M’chigayo cha m’mimba, chakudya choloŵetsedwamo chimasandulika kukhala mankhwala osavuta amene angaloŵe m’mwazi.

• Mimba imagwira ntchito ziwiri: ntchito yamakina (yoyambitsa chakudya) ndi ntchito yamankhwala (m'mimba muli hydrochloric acid yomwe imachotsa chakudya, imatulutsa pepsin, puloteni yomwe imaphwanya mapuloteni. );
• M'matumbo, ma enzymes a m'matumbo (omwe amapangidwa ndi kapamba) ndi bile omwe amachotsedwa ndi chiwindi amasintha mapuloteni, lipids ndi chakudya kukhala zinthu zomwe zimatha kupangidwa ndi thupi;
• M'matumbo ndi malo omwe chimbudzi chimatha chifukwa cha zomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumeneko. Ndilonso chiwalo chosungira komwe zotsalira za chakudya zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa zimawunjikana;
• Rectum imadzaza ndi zinyalala zomwe zili m'matumbo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti achoke.

Chiwindi chimakhudzidwanso ndi chigayidwe:

• Imawongolera shuga m'magazi mwa kusintha shuga wowonjezera kukhala glycogen;
• Imaphwanya mafuta acids m'zakudya kukhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali;
• Imagwira ma amino acid omwe amapanga mapuloteni ndiyeno kuwasunga kapena kuwalola kupita m'magazi malinga ndi zosowa za thupi.

Kuyeretsedwa

Zinyalala kapena zinthu zoopsa zomwe zili m'thupi zimachotsedwa ndi:

• Chiwindi, chomwe chimakhazikika mu ndulu zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa zomwe zayeretsa magazi omwe adadutsamo;
• Impso, zomwe zimachotsa zinyalala za nayitrogeni ndi poizoni wosungunuka m'madzi popanga mkodzo;
• Chikhodzodzo, chomwe chimasonkhanitsa mkodzo kuti chichotsedwe.

Kubala

Nyini ndi chiberekero ndi viscera nawo kubereka.

M'mimba imatha kukhudzidwa ndi zovuta zotsatirazi ndi ma pathologies:

• Chilonda chilichonse m'mimba chingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa m'mimba, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi contractures ndi kukhalapo kwa mpweya m'mimba.
• Gastritis: kutupa kwapang'onopang'ono kapena kwapayekha kwa m'mimba
• Zilonda zam'mimba: kutaya zinthu kuchokera m'mimba
• Zotupa: zimatha kukhala zowopsa kapena zowopsa
• Kutaya magazi m'mimba: izi zimatha chifukwa cha zilonda zam'mimba, khansa, kapena gastritis yotaya magazi

Matumbo amatha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zingayambitse kutsekeka, kutsekula m'mimba, kapena vuto lomwe limayendetsa chakudya kudzera m'matumbo (malabsorption):

• Kubadwa kwa anatomical zolakwika monga kuchepa kapena kusapezeka kwa gawo la matumbo (congenital atresia)
• Mimba
• Kupindika kwa matumbo mozungulira polumikizira (volvulus)
• Kutupa kwamatumbo (enteritis)
• Matenda a m'mimba
• M'mimba kapena mesenteric infarction (kubwerera kwa peritoneum komwe kuli ziwiya zomwe zimadyetsa matumbo)

Mphuno imatha kukhudzidwa ndi ma pathologies awa:

• Kutupa kwamatumbo a bakiteriya, poizoni, parasitic, ma virus kapena autoimmune chiyambi. Zitha kuyambitsa kutsekula m'mimba, ndipo nthawi zina kutentha thupi
• Zotupa kuwonetseredwa ndi magazi, kuukira kudzimbidwa kapena ngakhale m`mimba kutsekeka
• A zinchito colopathy, popanda zinchito kuwonongeka, amene amaonekera monga spasms kapena kutsekula m'mimba.

Ma pathologies omwe amakhudza rectum ndi awa:

• Kuvulala koopsa chifukwa cha matupi akunja, ma projectiles kapena kupachikidwa
• Kutupa kwa rectum (proctitis): pafupipafupi pakuphulika kwa hemorrhoid, amathanso kukhala achiwiri ku kuyatsa kwachirengedwe kwa pelvis.
• Benign (polyps) kapena zotupa za khansa

Chiwindi chikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi ma pathologies ambiri:

• Chiwindi ndi kutupa kwa chiwindi cha poizoni, mavairasi, bakiteriya kapena parasitic chiyambi
• Cirrhosis ndi matenda osokonekera a chiwindi chifukwa cha uchidakwa (80% ya milandu) kapena matenda ena (hepatitis, matenda a Wilson, kutsekeka kwa ma ducts a bile, etc.).
• Matenda a parasitic, kuphatikizapo matenda a chiwindi a chimfine nthawi zambiri amadwala chifukwa cha kudya nyama zakutchire
• Chiwindi abscesses wa parasitic kapena bakiteriya chiyambi
• zotupa zabwino (cholangiomas, fibroids, hemangiomas)
• Khansara yachiwindi yoyambirira yomwe imachokera ku maselo a chiwindi

Chiwindi chimathanso kukhudzidwa ndi matenda amtima (kulephera kwa mtima, pericarditis, embolism yamagazi, thrombosis, etc.) ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, monga granulomatosis, thesaurismosis, glycogenosis kapena khansa ya ziwalo zina, imatha kupezeka m'chiwindi. Potsirizira pake, ngozi za chiwindi zimatha kuwonedwa pa nthawi ya mimba.

Impso zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yomwe imagawidwa malinga ndi minofu yowonongeka komanso mtundu wa zilonda:

• Magulu oyambira a glomerulopathies, kuphatikiza glomerulus, amatha kukhala osakhalitsa komanso osakhalitsa pomwe ena amatha kupita patsogolo mpaka kulephera kwaimpso. Zimapangitsa kuti mkodzo wa mapuloteni osungidwa ndi glomerulus ukhale wochepa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutuluka kwa mkodzo wokhala ndi magazi (hematuria) ndipo nthawi zina ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi;
• Secondary glomerulopathies kuonekera pa matenda ambiri monga aimpso amyloidosis kapena shuga;
• Tubulopathies ndi kuwonongeka kwa tubule komwe kumatha kukhala koopsa chifukwa chakumwa mankhwala oopsa, kapena osatha. Chachiwiri, zimabweretsa chilema cha ntchito imodzi kapena zingapo za tubular 
• Matenda a impso omwe amakhudza minofu yothandizira pakati pa impso ziwiri, yotchedwa interstitial nephropathies, nthawi zambiri imachokera ku matenda a mkodzo;
• Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza ziwiya za impso, zotchedwa vascular nephropathies, zimatha kuyambitsa nephrotic syndrome kapena kuthamanga kwa magazi. 
• Impso zolakwika monga hypoplasia (kulephera kukula kwa minyewa kapena chiwalo) kapena polycystosis (mawonekedwe a cysts m'mphepete mwa tubules) ndizofala. 
• Impso kulephera ndi kuchepa kapena kupondereza ntchito yoyeretsa ya impso. Zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa urea ndi creatinine (kuwonongeka kwa metabolism) m'magazi, nthawi zambiri ndi edema ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi. 
• Impso zimathanso kukhudzidwa ndi zochitika za opaleshoni monga kupwetekedwa mtima chifukwa cha mantha m'dera la lumbar, matenda kapena zotupa zotupa. 
• Nephroptosis (kapena impso yotsika) ndi matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kusuntha kwachilendo komanso kutsika kwa impso.

Nyini imatha kukhudzidwa ndi matenda obadwa nawo (kusapezeka kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kwa nyini, magawo), zotupa zamkati kapena fistula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyini ilumikizane ndi kugaya chakudya kapena mkodzo. Vuto lotupa mu nyini, lotchedwa vaginitis, limayambitsa kutuluka koyera, kuyaka, kuyabwa, komanso kusapeza bwino pogonana.

Chiberekero chikhoza kukhala ndi zilema zobereka (zowirikiza kawiri, zolekanitsa, kapena chiberekero cha unicornuate) zomwe zingayambitse kusabereka, kuchotsa mimba, kapena kubadwa kwa mwana wosabadwa. Itha kuwonetsa kusayenda bwino kwa malo, kapena kukhala malo a matenda kapena zotupa zowopsa kapena zowopsa.

Chikhodzodzo chikhoza kukhala chokhumudwitsa. Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mkodzo kungayambitse kukula kwa miyala mu chikhodzodzo. Zotupa za m'chikhodzodzo nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati mkodzo wamagazi.

Mkodzo ukhoza kukhala malo olimba, mwala kapena chotupa.

Mkhalidwe wofala kwambiri wa prostate ndi prostatic adenoma, chotupa chosaopsa chomwe chimawoneka ngati kukodza pafupipafupi, kusintha kwa kachitidwe, komanso nthawi zina kusunga mkodzo movutikira. Prostate ingakhalenso malo a khansa kapena kutupa.

Kusokonezeka kwa m'mimba (m'mimba, matumbo, m'matumbo, rectum, chiwindi, kapamba, ndulu, ndulu) zonse zimayendetsedwa ndi gastroenterologist. Pakachitika vuto linalake la rectum, ndizotheka kukaonana ndi proctologist (katswiri wa rectum ndi anus). Matenda a chiwindi, ndulu ndi ndulu amatha kuthandizidwa makamaka ndi katswiri waziwalo izi, hepatologist.

Kuwongolera kwachipatala kwa matenda a impso kumaperekedwa ndi nephrologist, ndi matenda a maliseche azimayi (nyini, chiberekero) ndi gynecologist.

Matenda okhudzana ndi mkodzo (chikhodzodzo, urethra) ndi maliseche a amuna (prostate) amayendetsedwa ndi urologist. Yotsirizira imaperekanso opaleshoni kasamalidwe matenda a impso kapena maliseche thirakiti.

Kuyesedwa kwachipatala

Zimaphatikizapo palpation ndi kugwedeza kwamimba komwe kungapangitse kuti zitheke kuzindikira kusintha kwakukulu kwa voliyumu ndi kusasinthasintha kwa chiwindi, kapena kuzindikira impso yaikulu.

Kufufuza kogwira ntchito

Pali mayeso angapo kuti muwone momwe ma viscera am'mimba amagwirira ntchito.

Ntchito yachinsinsi ya kapamba imatha kufufuzidwa motere:

• Kuyesa kwa enzyme (amylase) m'magazi ndi mkodzo
• Duodenal chubung: kafukufuku amalowetsedwa mu duodenum kuti atenge shuga wa kapamba omwe amapezeka pambuyo pokondoweza kutulutsa kwa gland.
• Kuwunika kwa chimbudzi: Kusakwanira kwa kapamba kumayambitsa kusagaya bwino komwe kumabweretsa chimbudzi chochuluka, chamafuta ndi mafuta.

Kufufuza kogwira ntchito kwa impso kumaphatikizapo:

• Kuyeza kwa mkodzo kuti azindikire kuchotsedwa kwa mapuloteni mumkodzo zomwe zikuwonetsa kusagwira ntchito kwa fyuluta ya glomerulus.
• Urea ndi creatinine kuyesa magazi kuti awone mphamvu ya impso kuyeretsa magazi

X-ray ya m'mimba

• Kuwona matupi achilendo m'mimba
• Kansa ya m'mimba
• Kuwunika kwa radiological m'mimba kumapangitsa kuti ziwonekere zotupa zam'mimba

Digestive radiography

Kumaphatikizapo kumeza chinthu chosawoneka bwino ku X-ray ndikuphunzira momwe mankhwalawa amapitira kukhosi, m'mimba, m'matumbo ndi m'matumbo. Amalola kafukufuku wa morphological wa makoma amkati mwa ziwalo zosiyanasiyanazi. Kusala kudya ndikofunikira kuti mankhwalawa agwirizane ndi makoma am'mimba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira chapamimba magazi.

Endoscopy

Kuwunikaku kumaphatikizapo kuyambitsa chubu chowunikira chomwe chili ndi makina ounikira m'bowo kuti awunike. Pamene endoscopy ndi kuyang'ana m'mimba, duodenum, chiwindi, kapena maliseche, mayesero amatchedwa esogastroduodenal endoscopy kapena "esogastroduodenal endoscopy, ndipo chubu chimalowetsedwa m'kamwa. Mukachitidwa kuti muwone m'matumbo, chiwindi, chikhodzodzo, kapena rectum, endoscope imayambitsidwa kudzera mu anus. Endoscopy imachitika makamaka kuti azindikire kukha magazi m'mimba, khansa ya m'mimba, chotupa cha m'matumbo, matenda otupa, matenda a chiwindi, ndi zina zambiri.

Scintigraphy

Imatchedwanso kuti gamma radiography, imakhala ndi kupenda chiwalo chifukwa cha kudzikundikira pamlingo wake wa zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa kuwala kwa gamma. Chifukwa cha chowunikira chowunikira chomwe chimayenda poyang'ana pamwamba kuti chiwunikidwe, chithunzi cha chiwalocho chimapezeka pomwe mphamvu ya radioactive imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa chinthu chokhazikika. Scintigraphy imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza:

• Chiwindi. Zimathandizira kuwunikira ma cysts, abscesses, zotupa kapena metastases.
• Impso. Zimalola kufananiza symmetry ya impso ziwiri.