Kuchokera pa chithunzi chakuda ndi choyera, mtsikana wokhala ndi mauta akundiyang'ana mwachidwi. Ichi ndi chithunzi changa. Kuyambira pamenepo, kutalika kwanga, kulemera kwanga, mawonekedwe a nkhope, zokonda, chidziwitso ndi zizolowezi zasintha. Ngakhale mamolekyu a m’maselo onse a thupi anatha kusintha kotheratu kangapo. Ndipo komabe ndikutsimikiza kuti msungwana yemwe ali ndi mauta pachithunzichi ndi mkazi wamkulu yemwe ali ndi chithunzi m'manja mwake ndi munthu yemweyo. Kodi izi zingatheke bwanji?
Mwambi uwu mu filosofi umatchedwa vuto la umunthu. Choyamba chinapangidwa momveka bwino ndi wanthanthi Wachingelezi John Locke. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, Locke atalemba zolemba zake, amakhulupirira kuti munthu ndi "chinthu" - awa ndi mawu omwe akatswiri afilosofi amatcha zomwe zimatha kukhala zokha. Funso linali lokha kuti ndi chinthu chamtundu wanji - chakuthupi kapena chosafunikira? Thupi lakufa kapena mzimu wosafa?
Locke ankaganiza kuti funsoli linali lolakwika. Nkhani ya thupi imasintha nthawi zonse - ingakhale bwanji chitsimikizo cha kudziwika? Palibe amene adawonapo ndipo sadzawona moyo - pambuyo pake, ndi, mwa tanthawuzo, osati zinthu zakuthupi ndipo sizimadzipereka ku kafukufuku wa sayansi. Kodi tingadziwe bwanji ngati moyo wathu ndi womwewo kapena ayi?
Pofuna kuthandiza owerenga kuwona vutolo mosiyana, Locke adapanga nkhani.
Umunthu ndi makhalidwe zimadalira ubongo. Kuvulala kwake ndi matenda zimachititsa kuti makhalidwe ake awonongeke.
Tayerekezani kuti kalonga wina akadzuka tsiku lina n’kudabwa kuti ali m’thupi la wosoka nsapato. Ngati kalonga wasunga zokumbukira zake zonse ndi zizolowezi zake za moyo wake wakale m'nyumba yachifumu, komwe sangaloledwenso kulowa, tidzamuyesa ngati munthu yemweyo, ngakhale kusintha komwe kwachitika.
Chidziwitso chaumwini, malinga ndi Locke, ndiko kupitiriza kukumbukira ndi khalidwe pakapita nthawi.
Kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX, sayansi yapita patsogolo kwambiri. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti umunthu ndi makhalidwe zimadalira ubongo. Kuvulala kwake ndi matenda kumabweretsa kutaya kwa makhalidwe ake, ndipo mapiritsi ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zimakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo, zimakhudza maganizo athu ndi khalidwe lathu.
Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti vuto lodziwikiratu lathetsedwa? Wanthanthi wina wachingelezi, Derek Parfit wa m’nthaŵi yathu, sakuganiza choncho. Anabwera ndi nkhani ina.
Osati tsogolo lakutali. Asayansi apanga teleportation. Chinsinsicho ndi chosavuta: poyambira, munthu amalowa m'nyumba momwe scanner imalemba zambiri za malo a atomu iliyonse ya thupi lake. Pambuyo pa kupanga sikani, thupi limawonongeka. Kenako chidziwitsochi chimaperekedwa ndi wailesi kupita kumalo olandirirako, komwe thupi lomwelo limasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zida zosinthidwa. Wapaulendo amangomva kuti alowa m'nyumba yapadziko lapansi, adakomoka kwa mphindi imodzi ndipo amatha kuzindikira kale pa Mars.
Poyamba, anthu amawopa teleport. Koma pali okonda omwe ali okonzeka kuyesa. Akafika komwe akupita, amapereka lipoti nthawi iliyonse yomwe ulendowo udayenda bwino - ndi yabwino komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa zombo zakale. Pagulu, malingaliro akuzika mizu kuti munthu ndi chidziwitso chabe.
Kudziwika kwaumwini pakapita nthawi sikungakhale kofunikira kwambiri - chofunikira ndichakuti zomwe timazikonda komanso zomwe timazikonda zimapitilirabe.
Koma tsiku lina zidzagwa. Derek Parfit akasindikiza batani lomwe lili mu teleporter booth, thupi lake limafufuzidwa bwino ndipo chidziwitsocho chimatumizidwa ku Mars. Komabe, atafufuzidwa, thupi la Parfit silinawonongeke, koma limakhalabe Padziko Lapansi. Parfit wapadziko lapansi akutuluka mnyumbamo ndikuphunzira za zovuta zomwe zidamuchitikira.
Parfit wapadziko lapansi alibe nthawi yoti azolowere lingaliro lakuti ali ndi pawiri, pamene amalandira nkhani zosasangalatsa zatsopano - panthawi yojambula, thupi lake linawonongeka. Ayenera kufa posachedwa. Parfit wapadziko lapansi wachita mantha. Kodi zimamukhudza bwanji kuti Parfit the Martian akhalebe ndi moyo!
Komabe, tiyenera kulankhula. Amapita pavidiyo, Parfit the Martian atonthoza Parfit the Earthman, ndikulonjeza kuti adzakhala ndi moyo monga momwe adakonzera kale, azikonda akazi awo, kulera ana komanso kulemba buku. Kumapeto kwa zokambiranazo, Parfit the Earthman atonthozedwa pang'ono, ngakhale kuti sangamvetse momwe iye ndi munthu uyu pa Mars, ngakhale osasiyanitsidwa ndi iye, angakhale munthu yemweyo?
Kodi khalidwe la nkhaniyi ndi lotani? Wafilosofi wa Parfit amene analemba bukuli akusonyeza kuti kudziwika m’kupita kwa nthawi sikungakhale kofunikira kwenikweni—chofunika n’chakuti zimene timaona kuti n’zofunika kwambiri ndiponso zimene timakonda zizikhalabe. Kuti pakhale wina wolera ana athu momwe timafunira, ndi kumaliza bukhu lathu.
Anthu okonda zinthu zakuthupi angaganize kuti umunthu wake ndi thupi. Ndipo ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso cha umunthu angaganize kuti chinthu chachikulu ndikusunga chitetezo.
Udindo wa okonda chuma uli pafupi ndi ine, koma apa, monga mkangano uliwonse wafilosofi, malo aliwonse ali ndi ufulu wokhalapo. Chifukwa zimachokera pa zomwe sizinagwirizane. Ndipo izo, komabe, sizingatisiye ife osayanjanitsika.