Zamkatimu
Kuopa kachilomboka, kupeza pafupifupi mitundu yokhulupirira malodza, kungayambitse kukanidwa ndi anthu omwe adatenga. Pali chizoloŵezi choipa m’gulu cha anthu osala anthu amene ali ndi kachilombo kapena amene akhalapo ndi odwala. Kodi tsankho liti lomwe limayambitsa vutoli, kuopsa kwake kotani komanso momwe mungachotsere kusalidwa koteroko, akutero katswiri wa zamaganizo Patrick Corrigan.
Kwa munthu wamakono wozolowera moyo wokangalika, chiwopsezo chobwera ndi mliri komanso kufunikira kokhala kunyumba ndizowopsa komanso zochitika za surreal. Chowonjezera ku chisokonezochi ndi nkhani ndi nthano zachiwembu zomwe zimanenedwa pa intaneti, zomwe zina zimakayikitsa zenizeni. Ndipo si zophweka kuzolowera zenizeni palokha.
Munthu si matenda
Katswiri wa zamaganizo komanso wofufuza a Patrick Corrigan, mkonzi wa American Psychological Association's Journal of Stigma and Health, akuti tili m'gawo lomwe sitinadziwepo pankhani ya miliri ndi kusalana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chodabwitsa cha maganizo oipa, kutalikirana ndi kusalidwa kwa anthu omwe anadwala m'mikhalidwe yotere sikunaphunzire ndi sayansi yamakono. Amasanthula nkhaniyi ndikugawana momwe zinthu zilili.
M'malingaliro ake, chisokonezo chonsecho chimakhala maziko amalingaliro, tsankho ndi tsankho. Zodziwika bwino za psyche zimatipatsa ife kufunika komvetsetsa zochitika, makamaka zowopsa komanso zomwe sizinachitikepo. Chifukwa chiyani mliri wa coronavirus ukukhudza anthu? Chifukwa chiyani?
Kachilomboka kanatchedwa «Chinese», ndipo tanthauzo ili silikuthandizira kumvetsetsa chiwopsezocho
Yankho lodziwikiratu ndi kachilombo komweko. Ife monga gulu titha kubwera palimodzi kuti tithane ndi chiwopsezochi, kuyesetsa kuletsa kufalikira kwake podzipatula kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Vuto lakusalana limabwera pamene kachilombo ndi munthu wodwala amasakanikirana m'maganizo mwathu. Pankhaniyi, ife kusintha funso "Kodi mlandu?" kuti "Ndani ali ndi mlandu?" Kafukufuku wazaka 20 wasonyeza kuti kusalidwa, kutchula anthu omwe ali ndi matenda enaake, kungakhale kovulaza ngati matendawo.
Pulofesa Corrigan amalankhula za zitsanzo zopanda pake za kufalikira kwa nkhawa za coronavirus. Mwachitsanzo, amatchedwa «Chinese», ndipo tanthauzo limeneli silimathandiza n'komwe kumvetsa kuopseza, koma inflates moto wa kutengeka mafuko. Izi, wofufuzayo alemba kuti, ndiye ngozi yakusalidwa: liwu lofananalo limagwirizanitsa mobwerezabwereza zomwe zimachitika ndi mliri ndi kusankhana mitundu.
Osalidwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka
Ndani angakhudzidwe ndi kusalidwa ndi coronavirus? Omwe amavutitsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zizindikiro kapena zotsatira zoyezetsa. Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Irving Hoffman anganene kuti chifukwa cha kachilomboka, kudziwika kwawo ndi "kuipitsidwa", "kuipitsidwa", zomwe, m'maso mwa ena, zimawoneka ngati kulungamitsa tsankho kwa iwo. Banja ndi odziwana nawo adzawonjezedwa kwa odwala - nawonso adzasalidwa.
Ofufuza atsimikiza kuti chimodzi mwazotsatira zakusalana ndi kusalana. Anthu osalidwa pagulu, "oipitsidwa" amapewedwa ndi anthu. Munthu akhoza kulambalaliridwa ngati wakhate, kapena kusamutsidwa m'maganizo.
Chiwopsezo cha kusalidwa chimachitika pamene mtunda kuchokera ku kachilomboka usakanikirana ndi mtunda kuchokera kwa omwe ali ndi kachilomboka
Corrigan, yemwe amafufuza za kusalidwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a maganizo, akulemba kuti izi zikhoza kudziwonetsera m'madera osiyanasiyana. Malinga nkunena kwa iye, munthu amene ali ndi “manyazi” a matenda ena angakanidwe ndi aphunzitsi, osalembedwa ntchito ndi abwanamkubwa, angakanidwe lendi ndi eni nyumba, magulu achipembedzo sangamvomereze m’magulu awo, ndipo madokotala anganyalanyazidwe.
Munthawi ya coronavirus, izi zimayikidwa pamwamba pakufunika kwenikweni kokhala patali kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa matenda. Mabungwe azaumoyo amalimbikitsa, ngati kuli kotheka, kuti asayandikire anthu ena kuposa mamita 1,5-2. Corrigan akulemba kuti: "Chiwopsezo cha kusalidwa chimabwera pamene mtunda wa kachilomboka usakanizidwa ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilomboka.
Osanenanso kuti malingaliro okhudzana ndi anthu azinyalanyazidwa ndikuzindikira kufunikira kwa izi kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa coronavirus, akulimbikitsa nthawi yomweyo kuti akumbukire kusalidwa komwe kumatha kufalikira kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilombo.
Kusalidwa koopsa
Ndiye chochita ndi kusalidwa pa nthawi ya mliri? Choyamba, akutero Corrigan, muyenera kuyitanira zokumbira kukhala zokopa. Zindikirani kuti pali vuto. Anthu odwala akhoza kusalidwa ndi kunyozedwa, ndipo izi ndi zolakwika mofanana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa tsankho, kugonana ndi zaka. Koma matenda si ofanana ndi amene amapatsirana, ndipo m’pofunika kupatukana wina ndi mnzake.
Kusalidwa ndi anthu odwala kumawapweteka m'njira zitatu. Choyamba, ndikusalidwa kwa anthu. Anthu akamawona kuti odwala ndi "owonongeka", izi zimatha kuyambitsa tsankho komanso kuvulaza.
Kachiwiri, ndikudzikuza. Anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka kapena omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amatengera zomwe anthu amakumana nazo ndipo amadziona ngati "owonongeka" kapena "odetsedwa". Sikuti matendawo ndi ovuta kulimbana nawo, anthu amayenera kudzichitirabe manyazi.
Zolemba nthawi zambiri zimawoneka zokhudzana ndi kuyezetsa kapena kulandira chithandizo
Chachitatu ndi kupewa zolembera. Irving Goffman adanena kuti kusalidwa kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi chizindikiro chodziwikiratu komanso chowonekera: mtundu wa khungu pankhani ya tsankho, kamangidwe ka thupi mu kugonana, kapena, mwachitsanzo, imvi mu zaka. Komabe, pankhani ya matenda, chirichonse chiri chosiyana, chifukwa iwo amabisika.
Palibe amene akudziwa kuti ndi ndani mwa anthu zana omwe adasonkhana mchipindamo yemwe ndi wonyamula COVID-19, kuphatikiza, mwina, iyemwini. Kusalidwa kumachitika pamene chizindikiro chikuwonekera: "Uyu ndi Max, ali ndi kachilombo." Ndipo zolembera nthawi zambiri zimawoneka zokhudzana ndi kuyezetsa kapena kulandira chithandizo. "Ndangowona Max akuchoka ku labotale komwe amayesa mayeso a coronavirus. Ayenera kukhala ndi kachilomboka! ”
Zachidziwikire, anthu amapewa kulembedwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kupewa kuyezetsa kapena kudzipatula ngati atapezeka ndi kachilomboka.
Kodi kusintha zinthu?
M'mabuku asayansi, njira ziwiri zosinthira kusalana zitha kupezeka: maphunziro ndi kulumikizana.
Education
Chiwerengero cha nkhambakamwa za matendawa chimachepa anthu akamaphunzira zowona za kufala kwake, matenda ake komanso chithandizo chake. Malinga ndi Corrigan, aliyense atha kuthandizira pothandiza kuphunzitsa anthu wamba pankhaniyi. Mawebusayiti aboma amafalitsa zambiri zothandiza za matendawa.
Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti tisamathandizire kufalitsa uthenga wosatsimikizirika komanso wonyenga nthawi zambiri. Pakhala pali milandu yambiri yotereyi, ndipo kuyesa kuthana ndi zotsatira za mauthenga olakwika kungayambitse mikangano ndi kunyozana - ndiko kuti, nkhondo yamaganizo, osati kusinthanitsa chidziwitso. M'malo mwake, Corrigan amalimbikitsa kugawana sayansi yomwe idayambitsa mliriwu ndikulimbikitsa owerenga kuti aganizire.
Lumikizanani
Malingaliro ake, iyi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera malingaliro oipa mwa munthu amene wasalidwa. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kugwirizana pakati pa anthu oterowo ndi anthu ndi njira yabwino yothetsera mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kusalana.
Mchitidwe wa Corrigan umaphatikizapo makasitomala ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda amisala omwe kuyanjana ndi ena ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yosinthira tsankho ndi tsankho ndi malingaliro achilungamo ndi ulemu. Njirayi imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pakulankhulana ndi anzawo, anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chofanana. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana pakati pa omwe ali ndi "chizindikiro" cha coronavirus ndi anthu onse kumathandizira kuchotsa kusalana kwa wakale ndikupanga kusiyana.
Wodwalayo angalongosole mmene akumvera, mantha, mantha ndi zimene anakumana nazo panthaŵi ya matendawo, kapena kulankhula za matendawo, atachira kale, kusangalala limodzi ndi omvera achifundo kapena oŵerenga ponena za kuchira kwake. Onse akudwala ndi kuchira, amakhalabe yemweyo monga wina aliyense, munthu wolemekezeka ndi woyenera kulemekezedwa ndi kulandiridwa.
Zimakhalanso ndi zotsatira zabwino pa mfundo yakuti anthu otchuka saopa kuvomereza kuti ali ndi kachilombo.
Muzochitika ndi matenda ena, kukhudzana ndi moyo kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri. Komabe, panthawi yokhala kwaokha, idzakhala media komanso pa intaneti. "Mabulogu ndi makanema omwe anthu omwe ali ndi COVID-19 amafotokozera za matenda, matenda, komanso kuchira amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamalingaliro a anthu ndikuchepetsa kusalana," adatero Corrigan. "Mwina mavidiyo anthawi yeniyeni adzakhala ndi chiyambukiro chokulirapo, makamaka omwe owonera amatha kudziwonera okha momwe matendawa amakhudzira moyo wa munthu wina."
Bwino zimakhudza mkhalidwe ndi mfundo yakuti otchuka saopa kuvomereza kuti ali ndi kachilombo. Ena amafotokoza mmene akumvera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidzimva kuti ndi okondedwa komanso amachepetsa kusalana. Komabe, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti mawu a nyenyezi ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kusiyana ndi kuyanjana ndi munthu wamba komanso wapafupi kwa ife - mnzathu, mnansi kapena m'kalasi.
Pambuyo pa mliri
Kampeni yolimbana ndi kusalana iyenera kupitilira mliri ukatha, katswiriyo akukhulupirira. M'malo mwake, zotsatira zokhalitsa zapadziko lonse lapansi zitha kukhala malingaliro oyipa kwa anthu omwe achira ku coronavirus. M’malo mwamantha ndi chisokonezo, akhoza kukhalabe osalidwa pamaso pa anthu kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
"Kulankhulana ndi njira yabwino yothetsera izi," akubwereza motero Patrick Corrigan. "Mliri ukatha, tiyenera kusiya malingaliro omwe alipo okhudzana ndi kusamvana chifukwa cha zochitika ndikulimbikitsa kulankhulana maso ndi maso. Ndikofunikira kuyitanitsa misonkhano yapagulu komwe anthu omwe adadutsamo matendawa adzalankhula za zomwe adakumana nazo komanso kuchira. Chiyambukiro chachikulu chimapezeka pamene apatsidwa moni mwaulemu, mowona mtima ndi anthu ofunika, kuphatikizapo amene ali ndi ulamuliro wakutiwakuti.
Chiyembekezo ndi ulemu ndi mankhwala omwe angatithandize kupirira mliriwu. Adzathandizanso kuthana ndi vuto lakusalana lomwe lingabwere m’tsogolo. “Tiyeni tiyang’anire yankho lake limodzi, kugawana mfundo zimenezi,” akulimbikitsa motero Pulofesa Corrigan.
Za Mlembi: Patrick Corrigan ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo komanso wofufuza yemwe amagwira ntchito pazachiyanjano cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamalingaliro.