Wolemba Frans BM de Waal, University of Emory.
Gwero: Chiyambi cha buku la Psychology. Olemba - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Pansi pa ukonzi wamkulu wa VP Zinchenko. 15th edition international, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.
​​“​“​â€Ziribe kanthu momwe munthu angaganiziridwe wodzikonda, mosakayika pali mfundo zina mu chikhalidwe chake zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala wokondweretsedwa ndi kupambana kwa wina, ndi chisangalalo cha munthu wina chofunikira kwa iye, ngakhale kuti sapeza phindu lililonse pazochitikazo, kupatula chisangalalo cha munthu. kuziwona. Adam Smith (1759)
Pamene Lenny Skatnik anadumphira m’madzi oundana a Potomac mu 1982 kuti apulumutse munthu amene anavulala ndi ndege, kapena pamene Adatchi anabisala mabanja Achiyuda m’Nkhondo Yadziko II, anaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe kwa anthu osawadziŵa kotheratu. Mofananamo, Binti Jua, gorila wa ku Brookfield Zoo ku Chicago, anapulumutsa mnyamata amene anakomoka n’kugwera m’khola lake, n’kuchita zinthu zimene palibe amene anamuphunzitsa.
Zitsanzo ngati izi zimapangitsa chidwi kwambiri makamaka chifukwa zimalankhula za ubwino wa anthu amtundu wathu. Koma pophunzira za chisinthiko cha chifundo ndi makhalidwe abwino, ndapeza umboni wochuluka wa nyama zomwe zimakhudzidwa wina ndi mzake ndi kuyankha kwawo ku tsoka la ena, zomwe zanditsimikizira kuti kupulumuka nthawi zina kumadalira osati kupambana kokha pa ndewu, komanso kupulumuka. mgwirizano ndi zabwino (de Waal, 1996). Mwachitsanzo, kaŵirikaŵiri pa anyani, munthu woonerera amayandikira munthu amene waukiridwayo n’kuika dzanja lake paphewa pake.
Mosasamala kanthu za zizoloŵezi zosamala zimenezi, anthu ndi nyama zina kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa ndi akatswiri a zamoyo kukhala odzikonda kotheratu. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi chongoyerekeza: makhalidwe onse amawonedwa ngati opangidwa kuti akwaniritse zofuna za munthuyo. Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti majini omwe sakanatha kupereka mwayi kwa chonyamulira chawo amachotsedwa pakupanga chisankho. Koma kodi n’koyenera kunena kuti nyama ndi yodzikonda chifukwa chakuti khalidwe lake n’lofuna kupeza phindu?
Njira yomwe khalidwe linalake linasinthira kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri ili pambali pa mfundo yomwe munthu amaganizira chifukwa chake nyama imachita motere pano ndi pano. Zinyama zimangowona zotsatira zachangu za zochita zawo, ndipo ngakhale zotsatirazi sizikhala zomveka kwa iwo nthawi zonse. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti kangaude amapota ukonde kuti agwire ntchentche, koma izi ndi zoona pokhapokha ngati zimagwira ntchito. Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti kangaude ali ndi lingaliro lililonse lokhudza cholinga cha ukonde. M'mawu ena, zolinga za khalidwe sizinena kanthu za zolinga zake.
Posachedwapa lingaliro la "egoism" lapita kupyola tanthauzo lake loyambirira ndipo lagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa psychology. Ngakhale kuti mawuwa nthawi zina amawoneka ngati ofanana ndi kudzikonda, kudzikonda kumatanthauza cholinga chotumikira zofuna zathu, ndiko kuti, chidziwitso cha zomwe tidzalandira chifukwa cha khalidwe linalake. Mpesa ukhoza kutumikira zofuna zake mwa kuyika mtengowo, koma popeza kuti zomera zilibe zolinga komanso palibe chidziwitso, sizingakhale zodzikonda, pokhapokha ngati tanthauzo lophiphiritsa la mawuwa likutanthawuza.
Charles Darwin sanasokoneze kusinthika ndi zolinga za munthu payekha ndipo adazindikira kukhalapo kwa zolinga zopanda pake. Adauziridwa mu izi ndi Adam Smith, katswiri wamakhalidwe komanso tate wa zachuma. Pakhala pali mikangano yochuluka ponena za kusiyana pakati pa zochita zopezera phindu ndi zochita zoyendetsedwa ndi zolinga zadyera zomwe Smith, wodziwika chifukwa cha kugogomezera kudzikonda monga mfundo yotsogolera ya zachuma, analembanso za mphamvu za anthu padziko lonse zachifundo.
Magwero a luso limeneli si chinsinsi. Mitundu yonse ya zinyama zomwe mgwirizano umapangidwira zimasonyeza kudzipereka kwa gulu ndi zizolowezi zothandizirana. Izi ndi zotsatira za moyo wa anthu, maubwenzi apamtima omwe nyama zimathandiza achibale ndi anzawo omwe angathe kubwezera chiyanjocho. Chotero, chikhumbo chofuna kuthandiza ena sichinakhale chachabechabe m’lingaliro la kupulumuka. Koma chikhumbo chimenechi sichimagwirizanitsidwanso ndi zotulukapo zamwamsanga, zomveka zachisinthiko, zimene zapangitsa kukhala kotheka kuonekera ngakhale pamene mphotho n’zokayikitsa, monga ngati alendo alandira chithandizo.
Kutchula khalidwe lililonse lodzikonda kuli ngati kufotokoza zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi monga mphamvu yadzuwa yosinthidwa. Mawu onsewa ali ndi phindu lofanana, koma sangathandizire kufotokozera kusiyanasiyana komwe timawona kutizungulira. Kwa nyama zina mpikisano wopanda chifundo umapangitsa kukhala kotheka kukhala ndi moyo, kwa ena ndikuthandizana kokha. Njira yomwe imanyalanyaza maubwenzi otsutsanawa ingakhale yothandiza kwa katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo, koma ilibe malo mu psychology.