Anthu akhala akudya nyama kuyambira nthawi ya Ice Age. Panthawiyo, malinga ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu, munthu adachoka ku zakudya za zomera ndikuyamba kudya nyama. "Chizoloŵezi" ichi chakhalapo mpaka lero - chifukwa cha kufunikira (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa Eskimos), chizolowezi kapena moyo. Koma nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chake ndi kusamvetsetsana. Kwa zaka makumi asanu zapitazi, akatswiri odziwika bwino a zaumoyo, akatswiri a zakudya, ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala apeza umboni wosatsutsika wakuti simuyenera kudya nyama kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino, makamaka, zakudya zomwe zimaloledwa kwa adani zimatha kuvulaza anthu.
Tsoka, zamasamba, zochokera pazigawo za filosofi, kawirikawiri zimakhala njira ya moyo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira osati kungotsatira zakudya zamasamba, komanso kumvetsetsa phindu lalikulu lazamasamba kwa anthu onse. Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tisiye mbali ya uzimu yokonda zamasamba pakadali pano - zolemba zambiri zitha kupangidwa pankhaniyi. Tiyeni tikambirane mfundo zothandiza kwambiri, titero kunena kwake, “zachikunja” zokomera zamasamba.
Tiyeni tikambirane kaye zomwe zimatchedwa "protein nthano". Izi ndi zomwe zikukhudza. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe anthu ambiri amapewa kudya zamasamba ndi kuopa kuyambitsa kuchepa kwa mapuloteni m'thupi. "Mungapeze bwanji mapuloteni onse abwino omwe mungafune kuchokera ku zomera, zakudya zopanda mkaka?" anthu otero amafunsa.
Tisanayankhe funsoli, ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti puloteni kwenikweni ndi chiyani. Mu 1838, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Netherlands Jan Müldscher anapeza mankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni, carbon, haidrojeni, okosijeni ndi, mocheperapo, maelementi ena a mankhwala. Pagululi, lomwe limayambitsa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi, wasayansiyo adatcha "chopambana". Pambuyo pake, kufunikira kwenikweni kwa mapuloteni kunatsimikiziridwa: kuti chikhale chamoyo chilichonse, kuchuluka kwake kumayenera kudyedwa. Monga momwe zinakhalira, chifukwa cha izi ndi amino acid, "magwero oyambirira a moyo", omwe mapuloteni amapangidwa.
Pazonse, 22 amino acid amadziwika, 8 omwe amawonedwa kuti ndi ofunikira (sapangidwa ndi thupi ndipo ayenera kudyedwa ndi chakudya). Ma amino acid 8 awa ndi: lecine, isolecine, valine, lysine, trypophane, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine. Zonsezi ziyenera kuphatikizidwa muzakudya zoyenera pazakudya zopatsa thanzi. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950, nyama inkaonedwa ngati gwero labwino kwambiri la mapuloteni, chifukwa ili ndi ma amino acid onse 8 ofunikira, komanso moyenerera. Komabe, masiku ano akatswiri a kadyedwe ka zakudya afika ponena kuti zakudya za m’mbewu monga gwero la mapuloteni si zabwino kokha ngati nyama, komanso kuposa izo. Zomera zimakhalanso ndi ma amino acid onse 8. Zomera zimatha kupanga ma amino acid kuchokera mumpweya, m'nthaka, ndi m'madzi, koma nyama zimatha kupeza mapuloteni kudzera muzomera: kaya kudya, kapena kudya nyama zomwe zadya zomera ndikumwetsa zakudya zonse. Choncho, munthu ali ndi chisankho: kuti awatengere mwachindunji kudzera muzomera kapena mozungulira, pamtengo wamtengo wapatali wachuma ndi chuma - kuchokera ku nyama ya nyama. Choncho, nyama ilibe ma amino acid ena kupatulapo omwe nyama zimapeza kuchokera ku zomera - ndipo anthu amatha kuwatenga kuchokera ku zomera.
Komanso, zomera zakudya ndi ubwino wina: pamodzi ndi amino zidulo, inu kupeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri mayamwidwe wathunthu wa mapuloteni: chakudya, mavitamini, kufufuza zinthu, mahomoni, chlorophyll, etc. Mu 1954, gulu la asayansi pa Harvard University. anachita kafukufuku ndipo anapeza kuti ngati munthu adya masamba, mbewu monga chimanga, ndi mkaka nthawi imodzi, ndiye kuti amangodya zomanga thupi za tsiku ndi tsiku. Iwo anaganiza kuti kunali kovuta kwambiri kusunga zakudya zosiyanasiyana zamasamba popanda kupitirira chiwerengerochi. Patapita nthawi, mu 1972, Dr. F. Stear anachititsa maphunziro akeake okhudza kudya zakudya zomanga thupi ndi anthu osadya masamba. Zotsatira zake zinali zodabwitsa: ambiri mwa maphunzirowa adalandira maproteni oposa awiri! Chifukwa chake "nthano yokhudzana ndi mapuloteni" idatsutsidwa.
Tsopano tiyeni titembenukire ku gawo lotsatira la vuto lomwe tikukambirana, lomwe lingafotokozedwe motere: kudya nyama ndi njala padziko lapansi. Taganizirani chiwerengero chotsatirachi: 1 maekala a soya amatulutsa mapaundi 1124 a mapuloteni ofunika kwambiri; Maekala 1 a mpunga amatulutsa mapaundi 938. Kwa chimanga chiwerengerochi ndi 1009. Kwa tirigu ndi 1043. Tsopano ganizirani izi: 1 mahekitala a nyemba: chimanga, mpunga kapena tirigu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kunenepa chiwombankhanga adzapereka mapaundi 125 okha a mapuloteni! Izi zimatifikitsa ku mfundo yokhumudwitsa: chodabwitsa, njala padziko lapansi imakhudzana ndi kudya nyama. Akatswiri a za kadyedwe, maphunziro a zachilengedwe, ndi andale anena mobwerezabwereza kuti ngati dziko la United States lingasamutsire nkhokwe ya mbewu ndi soya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponenepetsa ziweto kwa anthu osauka ndi omwe akuvutika ndi njala m’maiko ena, vuto la njala likanathetsedwa. Katswiri wazakudya ku Harvard Gene Mayer akuyerekeza kuti kudula kwa 10% pakupanga nyama kumasula tirigu wokwanira kudyetsa anthu 60 miliyoni.
Pankhani ya madzi, nthaka ndi zinthu zina, nyama ndi chinthu chodula kwambiri chomwe tingachiganizire. Pafupifupi 10% yokha ya mapuloteni ndi zopatsa mphamvu zomwe zili muzakudya, zomwe zimabwereranso kwa ife ngati nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, maekala mazana masauzande a malo olimidwa amabzalidwa chaka chilichonse kuti adye chakudya. Ndi ekala ya chakudya chomwe chimadyetsa ng'ombe, pakadali pano timangopeza puloteni imodzi yokha. Ngati malo omwewo abzalidwa ndi soya, zotsatira zake zidzakhala mapaundi 1 a mapuloteni. Mwachidule, kuweta ziweto kuti ziphedwe si kanthu koma kuwononga chuma cha dziko lathu lapansi.
Kuphatikiza pa malo olimapo ambiri, kuswana ng'ombe kumafuna madzi ochulukirapo ka 8 pazosowa zake kuposa kulima masamba, kulima soya kapena mbewu: nyama zimafunikira kumwa, ndipo kudyetsa kumafunika kuthirira. Nthawi zambiri, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri atsala pang'ono kufa ndi njala, pomwe anthu ochepa chabe amwayi amadya zakudya zomanga thupi, kudyera masuku pamutu nthaka ndi madzi. Koma, chodabwitsa, ndi nyama yomwe imakhala mdani wa zamoyo zawo.
Mankhwala amakono amatsimikizira kuti: Kudya nyama kuli ndi zoopsa zambiri. Matenda a khansa ndi amtima ayamba kukhala mliri m’mayiko amene anthu amadya kwambiri nyama, pamene kuli kocheperako, matenda oterowo ndi osowa kwambiri. Rollo Russell m’buku lake lakuti “On the Causes of Cancer” analemba kuti: “Ndinapeza kuti m’maiko 25 amene nzika zake zimadya kwambiri chakudya cha nyama, 19 ali ndi chiŵerengero chochuluka kwambiri cha kansa, ndipo dziko limodzi lokha ndilo limene liri ndi chiŵerengero chochepa, pa Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo Pamaiko 35 amene amadya nyama mochepera kapena osadya konse, palibe amene ali ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha khansa.”
Nyuzipepala ya 1961 ya American Physicians Association inati, "Kusintha ku zakudya zamasamba kumalepheretsa kukula kwa matenda a mtima mu 90-97% ya milandu." Nyama ikaphedwa, zinyalala zake zimasiya kutulutsidwa ndi kayendedwe kake ka magazi ndi kukhalabe “zitini” m’thupi lakufa. Chotero odya nyama amamwa zinthu zakupha zimene, m’nyama yamoyo, zimasiya thupi ndi mkodzo. Dr. Owen S. Parret, m’buku lake lakuti Why I Don’t Eat Meat, ananena kuti nyama ikawiritsidwa, mumtsukowo mumapezeka zinthu zovulaza, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mumkodzowo muzikhala zinthu zofanana kwambiri ndi mankhwala. M'mayiko otukuka omwe ali ndi chitukuko chambiri chaulimi, nyama "yolemeretsedwa" ndi zinthu zambiri zovulaza: DDT, arsenic / amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholimbikitsa kukula /, sodium sulfate / ntchito kupatsa nyama "mwatsopano", mtundu wofiira wa magazi /, DES, mahomoni opangidwa /odziwika carcinogen/. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimakhala ndi ma carcinogens ambiri komanso metastasogens. Mwachitsanzo, makilogalamu 2 okha a nyama yokazinga ali ndi benzopyrene wochuluka mofanana ndi ndudu 600! Pochepetsa kudya kwa cholesterol, nthawi imodzi timachepetsa mwayi wodziunjikira mafuta, motero chiopsezo cha kufa chifukwa cha matenda amtima kapena apoplexy.
Chodabwitsa chotere monga atherosulinosis ndi lingaliro losamveka kwa wamasamba. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Encyclopædia Britannica, “Mapuloteni opangidwa ku mtedza, mbewu, ngakhale mkaka amaonedwa kuti ndi osayera kwenikweni kusiyana ndi amene amapezeka mu nyama ya ng’ombe—ali ndi pafupifupi 68 peresenti ya zinthu zamadzi zimene zili ndi kachilomboka.” "Zonyansa" izi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zowononga osati pamtima, komanso thupi lonse.
Thupi la munthu ndilo makina ovuta kwambiri. Ndipo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi galimoto iliyonse, mafuta amodzi amawakwanira bwino kuposa ena. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti nyama ndimafuta osagwira ntchito bwino pamakinawa, ndipo imabwera pamtengo wokwera. Mwachitsanzo, a Eskimo, omwe makamaka amadya nsomba ndi nyama, amakalamba mofulumira kwambiri. Avereji ya moyo wawo sipitilira zaka 30. Anthu a mtundu wa Kirghiz pa nthawi ina ankadyanso kwambiri nyama komanso sankakhala ndi moyo zaka zoposa 40. Kumbali ina, pali mafuko onga Ahunza amene amakhala ku Himalayas, kapena magulu achipembedzo onga a Seventh Day Adventists, amene avereji ya moyo wawo amakhala pakati pa zaka 80 ndi 100! Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kudya zamasamba ndi chifukwa cha thanzi lawo labwino kwambiri. Amwenye a Maya a ku Yutacan ndi mafuko a Yemeni a gulu la Semitic amadziwikanso chifukwa cha thanzi lawo labwino - kachiwiri chifukwa cha zakudya zamasamba.
Ndipo pomaliza, ndikufuna kutsindika chinthu chimodzi. Podya nyama, munthu, monga lamulo, amabisala pansi pa ketchups, sauces ndi gravies. Amachikonza ndi kuchisintha m'njira zosiyanasiyana: zokazinga, zithupsa, mphodza, ndi zina zotero. Kodi zonsezi ndi za chiyani? Bwanji osadya nyama yaiwisi, monga zilombo? Akatswiri ambiri a kadyedwe, akatswiri a zamoyo ndi akatswiri a zamoyo asonyeza mokhutiritsa kuti anthu mwachibadwa sali odya nyama. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amasintha mwachangu chakudya chomwe sichidziwika kwa iwo okha.
Mwachilengedwe, anthu ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zinyama zodya zitsamba monga anyani, njovu, ndi ng'ombe kusiyana ndi nyama monga agalu, akambuku, ndi akambuku. Tinene kuti zolusa sizituluka thukuta; mwa iwo, kusinthana kutentha kumachitika kudzera mwa owongolera a kupuma komanso lilime lotuluka. Nyama zamasamba, kumbali ina, zimakhala ndi zotupa za thukuta chifukwa cha izi, zomwe zimatuluka m'thupi zinthu zovulaza zosiyanasiyana. Zolusa zimakhala ndi mano aatali komanso akuthwa kuti zigwire ndi kupha nyama; Zomera zili ndi mano aafupi komanso zilibe zikhadabo. Malovu a nyama zolusa alibe amylase motero sangathe kusweka koyambirira kwa wowuma. Tizilombo timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi ta hydrochloric acid kuti tigaye mafupa. Nsagwada za zilombo zimangoyenda pang'onopang'ono mmwamba ndi pansi, pamene m'malo odyetserako udzu zimayendayenda mundege yopingasa kuti zisafune chakudya. Zilombo zimanyamula madzi, mwachitsanzo, mphaka, nyama zodya udzu zimakokera madziwo kudzera m’mano awo. Pali mafanizo ambiri otere, ndipo chilichonse chikuwonetsa kuti thupi la munthu limagwirizana ndi zamasamba. Mwangwiro physiologically, anthu si ndinazolowera kudya nyama.
Pano pali mikangano yabwino kwambiri yokomera zamasamba. Inde, aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosankha yekha zakudya zoyenera kutsatira. Koma chisankho chopangidwa mokomera zamasamba mosakayikira chidzakhala chisankho choyenera kwambiri!
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