Kulowa kwadzuwa kowala kwambiri, thambo la mitambo, ndi masiku omwe aliyense akutsokomola ali ndi zofanana: zonse zimachitika chifukwa cha mpweya, tinthu ting'onoting'ono toyandama mumlengalenga. Ma aerosols amatha kukhala timadontho tating'ono, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tinthu tating'ono ta kaboni wakuda, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimayandama mumlengalenga ndikusintha mphamvu zonse zapadziko lapansi.
Ma aerosols amakhudza kwambiri nyengo yapadziko lapansi. Ena, monga carbon wakuda ndi bulauni, amatenthetsa dziko lapansi, pamene ena, monga madontho a sulphate, amaziziritsa. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti nthawi zambiri, mitundu yonse ya aerosols pamapeto pake imaziziritsa pang'ono dziko lapansi. Koma sizikudziwikiratu kuti kuziziritsa kumeneku kuli kolimba bwanji komanso momwe kumayendera m'kupita kwa masiku, zaka kapena zaka zambiri.
Kodi ma aerosols ndi chiyani?
Mawu oti “aerosol” amatanthawuza tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tambirimbiri tomwe tatayirira mumlengalenga, kuchokera m'mphepete mwake mpaka kumtunda kwa dziko lapansi. Zitha kukhala zolimba kapena zamadzimadzi, zopanda malire kapena zazikulu kuti ziwoneke ndi maso.
Ma aerosol "oyambirira", monga fumbi, mwaye kapena mchere wa m'nyanja, amachokera padziko lapansi. Zimanyamulidwira mumlengalenga ndi mphepo yamkuntho, yomwe imawulukira mumlengalenga ndi mapiri ophulika, kapena kuwombedwa ndi utsi ndi moto. Ma aerosols “achiwiri” amapangidwa pamene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyandama m’mlengalenga—mwachitsanzo, zinthu zimene zimatulutsidwa ndi zomera, madontho a asidi amadzimadzi, kapena zinthu zina—zigundana, kuchititsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, ma aerosol achiwiri, amapanga chifunga chomwe mapiri a Great Smoky ku United States amatchulidwira.
Ma aerosols amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, fumbi limatuluka m’zipululu, m’mphepete mwa mitsinje youma, nyanja zouma, ndi malo ena ambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa mumlengalenga kumakwera ndi kutsika ndi zochitika zanyengo; pa nyengo yozizira, youma m’mbiri ya dziko lapansi, monga m’nyengo yotsiriza ya ayezi, kunali fumbi lambiri m’mlengalenga kusiyana ndi nyengo yofunda ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi. Koma anthu akhudza kachitidwe kachilengedwe kameneka - mbali zina za dziko lapansi zaipitsidwa ndi zinthu zomwe timachita, pomwe zina zanyowa kwambiri.
Mchere wa m'nyanja ndi gwero linanso lachilengedwe la aerosols. Zimawulutsidwa kuchokera m'nyanja ndi mphepo ndi nyanja ndipo zimakonda kudzaza madera akumunsi amlengalenga. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mitundu ina ya kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala chophulika kwambiri imatha kuwombera tinthu ting’onoting’ono ndi madontho m’mwamba mumlengalenga, kumene imatha kuyandama kwa miyezi kapena zaka, itaimitsidwa mailosi ambiri kuchokera padziko lapansi.
Zochita za anthu zimapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma aerosol. Kuwotcha kwamafuta amafuta kumatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadziwika kuti mpweya wowonjezera kutentha - motero magalimoto onse, ndege, zida zamagetsi ndi njira zama mafakitale zimatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kuwunjikana mumlengalenga. Ulimi umapanga fumbi komanso zinthu zina monga mankhwala aerosol nitrogen omwe amakhudza mpweya wabwino.
Nthawi zambiri, zochita za anthu zawonjezera kuchuluka kwa tinthu toyandama m’mlengalenga, ndipo tsopano fumbi lachuluka kuwirikiza kaŵiri kuposa mmene linalili m’zaka za m’ma 19. Chiwerengero cha tinthu ting'onoting'ono kwambiri (chosakwana 2,5 microns) cha zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "PM2,5" chawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 60% kuyambira nthawi ya Industrial Revolution. Ma aerosols ena, monga ozoni, nawonso awonjezeka, zomwe zili ndi zotsatira zoopsa pa thanzi la anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha matenda a mtima, sitiroko, matenda a m'mapapo, ndi mphumu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zaposachedwapa, mu 2016 tinthu tating’ono timene tinthu tina timene timatulutsa mpweya ndi amene anapha anthu osakwana XNUMX miliyoni padziko lonse, ndipo ana ndi okalamba ndiwo anakhudzidwa kwambiri. Chiwopsezo cha thanzi chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndizovuta kwambiri ku China ndi India, makamaka m'matauni.
Kodi ma aerosol amakhudza bwanji nyengo?
Aerosols amakhudza nyengo m’njira ziwiri zazikulu: posintha kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumalowa kapena kutuluka mumlengalenga, komanso kukhudza momwe mitambo imapangidwira.
Ma aerosols ena, monga mitundu yambiri ya fumbi la miyala yophwanyidwa, amakhala opepuka komanso amawunikira pang'ono. Pamene kuwala kwa dzuŵa kugwera pa iwo, kuwalako kumawonekeranso kuchokera mumlengalenga, kulepheretsa kutentha kumeneku kufika padziko lapansi. Koma zimenezi zingakhalenso ndi tanthauzo loipa: kuphulika kwa Phiri la Pinatubo ku Philippines mu 1991 kunagwetsa m’mwamba tinthu ting’onoting’ono tonyezimira tomwe tinkafanana ndi dera la masikweya kilomita 1,2, zomwe pambuyo pake zidapangitsa kuzirala kwa dziko lapansi komwe sikunayime kwa zaka ziwiri. Ndipo kuphulika kwa mapiri a Tambora mu 1815 kunachititsa nyengo yozizira modabwitsa ku Western Europe ndi North America mu 1816, chifukwa chake adatchedwa "Chaka Chopanda Chilimwe" - kunali kozizira kwambiri komanso kwachisoni kotero kuti mpaka anauzira Mary Shelley kuti alembe Chigothic. Frankenstein buku.
Koma ma aerosols ena, monga tinthu ting’onoting’ono ta kaboni wakuda wochokera ku malasha oyaka kapena nkhuni, amagwira ntchito mosiyana, kutengera kutentha kwadzuwa. Izi zimatenthetsa mlengalenga, ngakhale zimaziziritsa padziko lapansi pochepetsa kuchedwera kwa dzuŵa. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimakhala zofooka kuposa kuziziritsa komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi ma aerosols ena ambiri - koma kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo, ndipo mpweya wambiri ukachuluka mumlengalenga, m'pamenenso mpweya umatentha kwambiri.
Ma aerosols amakhudzanso mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa mitambo. Madontho amadzi amalumikizana mosavuta mozungulira tinthu ting'onoting'ono, motero mpweya wodzaza ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono umathandizira kupanga mitambo. Mitambo yoyera imasonyeza kuwala kwa dzuŵa kumene kukubwera, kuilepheretsa kufika pamwamba ndi kutenthetsa dziko lapansi ndi madzi, koma imatenganso kutentha kumene kumatuluka nthaŵi zonse ndi pulaneti, kukutsekereza m’mlengalenga. Malingana ndi mtundu ndi malo omwe mitambo ili, imatha kutentha malo ozungulira kapena kuziziritsa.
Ma aerosols amakhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, ndipo anthu akhudza mwachindunji kupezeka kwawo, kuchuluka kwawo, komanso kugawa kwawo. Ndipo ngakhale zovuta zanyengo zimakhala zovuta komanso zosinthika, zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la munthu ndizodziwikiratu: tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamlengalenga timawononga kwambiri thanzi la munthu.