Arapaima: kufotokozera nsomba ndi chithunzi, zomwe zimadya, zimakhala ndi moyo wautali bwanji

Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nsomba za arapaima ndi anzawo enieni a ma dinosaur omwe adakalipo mpaka lero. Akukhulupirira kuti sizinasinthe konse m'zaka zapitazi za 135 miliyoni. Nsomba zodabwitsazi zimakhala m'mitsinje ndi nyanja za South America kudera la equatorial. Amakhulupiriranso kuti iyi ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi padziko lapansi, chifukwa ndizocheperako pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya beluga.

Nsomba za Arapaima: kufotokoza

Arapaima ndi wa banja la Aravan ndipo amaimira dongosolo la Aravan. Nsomba yaikulu imeneyi imapezeka m’madera otentha okha basi, kumene kumatentha mokwanira. Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti nsombayi ndi thermophilic kwambiri, chamoyo ichi amasiyanitsidwa ndi angapo mbali yapadera. Dzina la sayansi ndi Arapaima gigas.

Maonekedwe

Choyimira chachikulu ichi cha mitsinje ndi nyanja zotentha zimatha kukula mpaka mamita 2 m'litali, pamene pali mitundu yomwe imakula mpaka mamita atatu. Ngakhale kuti chidziwitsocho sichinatsimikizidwe, koma, malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, pali anthu otalika mamita 3, ndipo mwinamwake ochulukirapo. Chitsanzo chinagwidwa cholemera pafupifupi 5 kg. Thupi la arapaima ndi lalitali ndipo limapendekera mwamphamvu pafupi ndi mutu, pomwe limaphwanyidwa pang'ono m'mbali. Mutu ndi wochepa, koma wautali.

Maonekedwe a chigaza chamutu amakulitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba, pamene maso ali pafupi ndi kumunsi kwa muzzle, ndipo pakamwa kakang'ono kamakhala pafupi ndi pamwamba. Mchira wa arapaima ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, womwe umathandiza kuti nsombazi zidumphire m'madzi pamene nyama yolusa ikuthamangitsa nyama yake. Thupi limakutidwa pamtunda wonse ndi masikelo amitundu yambiri, omwe ndi akulu akulu, omwe amapanga mpumulo wodziwika pathupi. Mutu wa adani umatetezedwa ndi mbale za mafupa ngati mawonekedwe apadera.

Chochititsa chidwi! Mamba a arapaima ndi olimba kwambiri moti amakhala amphamvu kangapo kuposa minofu ya mafupa. Pachifukwa ichi, nsomba zimapezeka mosavuta m'madzi pamodzi ndi ma piranhas, omwe samayesa kumuukira.

Zipsepse za pachifuwa za nsombazo zimayikidwa pansi, pafupifupi m'mimba. Zipsepse zakuthako ndi zakumbuyo zimakhala zazitali mofananiza ndipo zili pafupi ndi zipsepse za caudal. Kukonzekera kotereku kwa zipsepse kumapangitsa kuti nsomba zamphamvu kale komanso zamphamvu zisunthike mwachangu m'mphepete mwamadzi, kukagwira nyama iliyonse.

Mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi imasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira wa azitona ndi mtundu wa bluish, womwe pang'onopang'ono umasanduka utoto wofiyira m'dera la zipsepse zopanda pake, ndipo umakhala ndi mtundu wofiira wakuda pamlingo wa mchira. Pankhaniyi, mchira, titero, umayikidwa ndi malire amdima. Zophimba za Gill zimathanso kukhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Mtundu uwu wakula kwambiri pakugonana kwa dimorphism: amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lothawa komanso lowala kwambiri, koma izi ndizomwe zimachitika kwa akulu okhwima pakugonana. Achinyamata amakhala ndi mitundu yofanana komanso yonyansa, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi ndani.

Makhalidwe, moyo

Arapaima amatsogolera moyo wa benthic, koma posaka amatha kukwera pamwamba pamadzi. Popeza ichi ndi chilombo chachikulu, chimafuna mphamvu zambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti arapaima imayenda nthawi zonse, kufunafuna chakudya chokha. Ndi chilombo chochita kusaka chomwe sichimasaka. Arapaima ikathamangitsa nyama yake, imatha kudumpha kuchokera m'madzi mpaka kutalika kwake, kapena kupitilira apo. Chifukwa cha mwayi umenewu, amatha kusaka nsomba zokha, komanso nyama ndi mbalame zomwe zili pafupi ndi nyama yolusa.

Zambiri zosangalatsa! Pharynx ndi chikhodzodzo chosambira cha adani amalasidwa ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi, yofanana ndi maselo. Kapangidwe kameneka kamafanana ndi kapangidwe ka minofu ya m’mapapo.

Pachifukwa ichi, tikhoza kuganiza kuti arapaima ili ndi chiwalo china chopuma, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pazovuta zamoyo. M’mawu ena, nyama yolusa imeneyi imathanso kupuma mpweya. Chifukwa cha izi, nsomba zimapulumuka mosavuta pakauma.

Monga lamulo, matupi amadzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa m'madera otentha, chifukwa cha chilala chomwe chimalowa m'malo mwa mvula, komanso kwambiri. Pazifukwa zotere, arapaima imakumba mumchenga wonyowa kapena mchenga, koma pakapita nthawi imawonekera pamwamba kuti imeze mpweya wabwino. Monga lamulo, khosi loterolo limatsagana ndi phokoso lalikulu lomwe limafikira makumi kapena mazana a mita, ngati si kilomita.

Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imasungidwa m'ndende, pomwe nsomba zimakula m'mikhalidwe yotere mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka, osatinso. Mwachibadwa, arapaima sangathe kuonedwa ngati yokongola, ndipo makamaka nsomba ya aquarium, ngakhale pali okonda omwe akulimbana ndi mavuto ambiri.

Arapaima nthawi zambiri imatha kuwoneka m'malo osungiramo nyama kapena m'madzi am'madzi, ngakhale kuyisunga m'mikhalidwe yotere sikophweka, chifukwa imatenga malo ambiri, ndipo ndikofunikira kusunga kutentha pamlingo womasuka kwa nsomba. Nsomba imeneyi imakhala yotentha kwambiri ndipo siimva bwino ngakhale kutentha kutsika motsika kwambiri, ndi madigiri angapo. Ndipo komabe, akatswiri ena amadzi amasunga chilombo chapaderachi, ngati ng'ona, koma chopanda miyendo.

Kodi arapaima amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Mpaka pano, palibe chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza kutalika kwa arapaima m'chilengedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zimadziwika kuti zamoyo zapaderazi zimatha kukhala nthawi yayitali bwanji m'malo ochita kupanga. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, nsomba zimatha kukhala zaka 20. Malingana ndi deta yotereyi, tingaganize kuti mwachilengedwe amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali, ndipo mwina motalika. Monga lamulo, m'mikhalidwe yopangira, anthu okhalamo zachilengedwe amakhala ochepa.

malo achilengedwe

Chamoyo chapadera chimenechi chimakhala m’chigwa cha Amazon. Kuphatikiza apo, arapaima adasamutsidwa mochita kusamukira kumadzi a Thailand ndi Malaysia.

Kwa moyo wawo, nsomba zimasankha madzi a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, komanso nyanja, momwe zomera zambiri zam'madzi zimamera. Itha kupezekanso m'malo osungira madzi osefukira, okhala ndi madzi kutentha mpaka +28 digiri, kapena kupitilira apo.

Zosangalatsa kudziwa! M'nyengo yamvula, arapaima amawonekera m'nkhalango zosefukira. Madzi akamatuluka, amabwereranso ku mitsinje ndi nyanja.

zakudya

Arapaima ndi chilombo cholusa, chomwe maziko ake ndi nsomba za kukula kwake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chilombocho sichidzaphonya mwayiwo kuti zisaukire mbalame zopanda malire kapena nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe zakhazikika panthambi zamitengo kapena zomera zina.

Ponena za achinyamata a arapaima, sakhala ovuta komanso osawerengeka m'zakudya. Iwo amaukira chamoyo chilichonse chimene chili m’munda mwawo wa masomphenya, ngakhale njoka zing’onozing’ono.

Chochititsa chidwi! Arapaima ili ndi mbale yomwe amakonda kwambiri, mwa mawonekedwe a aravana ake akutali, omwe amaimiranso gulu la achiarabu.

Zikakhala kuti nyamayi imasungidwa m'malo ochita kupanga, imapatsidwa zakudya zosiyanasiyana zochokera ku nyama. Arapaima, monga lamulo, amasaka poyenda, kotero kuti nsomba zazing'ono zimayambitsidwa nthawi zonse mu aquarium. Kwa akuluakulu, kudya kamodzi patsiku ndikokwanira, ndipo ana ayenera kudya katatu patsiku. Ngati chilombochi sichimadyetsedwa panthawi yake, chimatha kuukira achibale ake.

Kubala ndi ana

Zikafika zaka zisanu ndi kutalika pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka, zazikazi zimakhala zokonzeka kubereka ana. Kubzala mbewu kumachitika mu February kapena Marichi. Yaikazi imayikira mazira mu maganizo opangidwa pansi pa nkhokwe pasadakhale, pamene pansi ayenera kukhala mchenga. Asanayambe kubereka, amabwerera kumalo okonzekera, omwe ndi kuvutika maganizo kuyambira 50 mpaka 80 cm, pamodzi ndi mwamuna. Yaikazi imaikira mazira aakulu kwambiri, ndipo yaimuna imakumana ndi mazirawo. Patapita masiku angapo, mwachangu kuonekera kuchokera mazira. Nthawi yonseyi, kuyambira nthawi yoberekera, makolo amateteza chisa. Yamphongo nthawi zonse imakhala pafupi ndipo imadyetsa mwachangu. Yaikazi nayonso ili pafupi, kusambira kutali ndi mamita angapo.

Zosangalatsa kudziwa! Pambuyo pa kubadwa, mwachangu nthawi zonse pafupi ndi mwamuna. Pafupi ndi maso aamuna pali zotupa zapadera zomwe zimatulutsa chinthu choyera chapadera chomwe mwachangu amadya. Kuphatikiza apo, chinthucho chimatulutsa fungo lowala lomwe limasunga mwachangu pafupi ndi mwamuna.

Mwachangu mwachangu amalemera ndikumakula, ndikuwonjezera mwezi uliwonse mpaka 5 cm m'litali ndi mpaka 100 magalamu kulemera. Pakatha sabata, mutha kuwona kuti mwachangu ndi olusa, chifukwa amayamba kudzipezera okha chakudya. Pa gawo loyambirira la chitukuko chawo, zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi zooplankton ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Akamakula, achinyamata amayamba kuthamangitsa nsomba zing'onozing'ono ndi zakudya zina zochokera ku zinyama.

Ngakhale zili choncho, makolo akupitirizabe kusunga ana awo kwa miyezi itatu. Malinga ndi asayansi, mfundo imeneyi ndi chifukwa chakuti achinyamata pa nthawi imeneyi alibe nthawi kumvetsa kuti amatha kupuma mpweya mumlengalenga, ndi ntchito ya makolo ndi kuwaphunzitsa mwayi.

Adani achilengedwe a arapaima

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a thupi, arapaima alibe adani achilengedwe. Popeza anthu, ngakhale achichepere, ali ndi masikelo akulu komanso odalirika, ngakhale mapiranha sangadutse. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti anyani amatha kuukira chilombochi. Koma popeza kuti arapaima imasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu ndi liwiro la kuyenda, ndiye kuti zimbalangondo, mwina, zimatha kugwira odwala komanso osagwira ntchito, komanso anthu osasamala.

Ndipo komabe nyamayi ili ndi mdani wamkulu - uyu ndi munthu amene saganizira za tsogolo, koma amakhala tsiku limodzi lokha.

Mtengo wa nsomba

Amwenye omwe amakhala ku Amazon akhala ndi moyo kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi nyama ya arapaima. Anthu a ku South America ankatcha nsombayi kuti "nsomba yofiira" chifukwa nyama yake inali ndi mtundu wofiira-lalanje, komanso zizindikiro zomwezo pathupi la nsombazo.

Zosangalatsa kudziwa! Anthu a m’dera la Amazon akhala akugwira nsombazi kwa zaka zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira inayake. Poyamba, ankafufuza nyama yawoyo ndi kuusa moyo komwe kunalipo pamene nsombayo inakwera pamwamba pa madzi kuti ipume mpweya wabwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, malo omwe nsombazo zimakwera pamwamba zimawonekera patali kwambiri. Akatero, ankatha kupha nyama yolusayo ndi kapu kapena kuigwira ndi maukonde.

Nyama ya Arapaima imadziwika kuti ndi yokoma komanso yopatsa thanzi, pomwe ngakhale mafupa ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ndi akatswiri azamankhwala achi India. Kuonjezera apo, mafupawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zapakhomo, ndipo mamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga misomali. Zogulitsa zonsezi zikufunika kwambiri pakati pa alendo akunja. Nyama ya nsomba ndi yamtengo wapatali, chifukwa chake imakhala yokwera mtengo m'misika ya South America. Chifukwa cha izi, pali lamulo loletsa kugwira chilombo chapaderachi, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chisakhale chamtengo wapatali komanso chofunika kwambiri, makamaka kwa asodzi am'deralo.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Pazaka 100 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha arapaima chatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusodza kosalamulirika komanso kosakhazikika, makamaka ndi maukonde. Monga lamulo, kusaka kwakukulu kunkachitika kwa anthu akuluakulu, chifukwa kukula kunali kofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zochita za anthu molakwika m'malo osungiramo madzi a Amazon, zimakhala zovuta kuwona anthu akukula mpaka 2 metres m'litali, kapena kupitilira apo. M’madera ena a m’madzi, kugwira arapaima ndikoletsedwa nkomwe, ngakhale kuti zoletsa zimenezi zimanyalanyazidwa ndi onse okhala m’deralo ndi opha nyama popanda chilolezo, ngakhale kuti amwenye saletsedwa kugwira nsombazi kuti adzidyetse okha. Ndipo zonsezi ndi chifukwa chakuti nyama yolusa ili ndi nyama yamtengo wapatali. Ngati arapaima atagwidwa ndi Amwenye, monga makolo awo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndiye kuti sipakanakhala mavuto, koma zochita za opha nyamazi zimawononga kwambiri chiwerengero cha nsomba yapaderayi.

Ndipo komabe, tsogolo la nsomba yapaderayi ndi chidwi alimi ena ku Brazil amene ankafuna kusunga chiwerengero cha arapaima. Iwo anakonza njira ndipo analandira chilolezo ku boma kuti abereke nyama imeneyi m’malo ochita kupanga. Pambuyo pake, adatha kugwira anthu ochepa m'malo achilengedwe, ndipo adawasamutsira kumalo osungiramo madzi opangidwa mwaluso. Chotsatira chake, cholinga chake chinali kukhutitsa msika ndi nyama yamtunduwu, yomwe yakula mu ukapolo, zomwe ziyenera kuchititsa kuchepa kwa nsomba za arapaima m'chilengedwe.

Mfundo zofunika! Mpaka pano, palibe deta yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zamoyozi, komanso palibe deta ngati ikucheperachepera, zomwe zimasokoneza njira yopangira zisankho. Izi zili choncho chifukwa nsombazi zimakhala m’malo ovuta kufikako ku Amazon. Pachifukwa ichi, mtundu uwu unapatsidwa udindo "Chidziwitso chosakwanira".

Arapaima ndi, kumbali imodzi, yodabwitsa, ndipo kumbali ina, cholengedwa chodabwitsa, chomwe chiri choyimira nthawi ya dinosaurs. Osachepera ndi zomwe asayansi amaganiza. Tikatengera zoona zake, chilombochi chomwe chili m’dera la Amazon chilibe adani ake enieni. Zikuoneka kuti chiwerengero cha chilombo chapaderachi chiyenera kuchulukirachulukira ndipo munthu akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti achulukitse chiwerengerochi pamlingo wina wake pogwira nsomba zomwe anakonza. Chithunzicho ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndipo munthu ayenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti asunge kuchuluka kwa nsombazi. Choncho, m'pofunika kuswana nyama yolusa ili mu ukapolo. Kodi zoyesayesa izi zidzapambana bwanji, ndi nthawi yokha yomwe idzatiuze.

Pomaliza

Amazon ndi malo odabwitsa padziko lathu lapansi ndipo sanafufuzidwe mokwanira mpaka pano. Ndipo zonsezi zachitika chifukwa chakuti malowa ndi ovuta kufika, ngakhale saletsa anthu opha nyama mwachisawawa mwanjira iliyonse. Izi zimasiya chidwi chachikulu pa kafukufuku wa zamoyo zambiri, kuphatikizapo arapaima. Kukumana ndi zimphona zachilengedwe m'chigawo chino cha chilengedwe ndizochitika zofala. Malinga ndi asodzi am'deralo, panali anthu otalika mpaka 5 metres, ngakhale m'nthawi yathu ino izi ndizosowa. Mu 1978, chitsanzo chinagwidwa ku Rio Negro, pafupifupi mamita 2,5 kutalika ndi kulemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 150.

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, nyama ya arapaima yakhala gwero lalikulu la chakudya. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1960, kuwononga kwakukulu kwa zamoyozo kunayamba: akuluakulu anaphedwa ndi ma harpoons, ndipo ang'onoang'ono anagwidwa mu maukonde. Ngakhale ataletsedwa ndi boma, nyamayi ikupitirizabe kugwidwa ndi asodzi am'deralo komanso opha nyama popanda chilolezo. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, popeza 1 kg ya nyama ya arapaima pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi imawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa malipiro apamwezi a asodzi am'deralo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukoma kwa nyama ya arapaima kumatha kupikisana ndi kukoma kwa nsomba. Zinthu zimenezi ndi zimene zimachititsa anthu kuswa malamulo.