Zamkatimu
Scotch whiskey nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malt a balere. Zomera zing'onozing'ono (zachabechabe za malt) zili pamwamba pa gawo lofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zakumwa zomwe zili m'gululi zimakhala ndi kukoma kwake komanso mawonekedwe ake. Ambiri a whiskey a gawo lapakati pamtengo wamtengo wapatali ndi osakanikirana (osakanikirana), ndi kuwonjezera kwa distillate kuchokera ku mbewu zosaphuka - balere, tirigu kapena chimanga. Nthawi zina mbewu zotsika kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, zomwe zimasakanizidwa ndi chimera chochepa kuti ziwitse mwachangu. Ndi zakumwa izi zomwe zili m'gulu la whisky wambewu.
Kodi whisky wambewu ndi chiyani
Kachasu umodzi wa malt amapangidwa kuchokera ku balere wosungunuka. Ambiri mwa ma distilleries asiya ntchito yodzipangira okha mbewu zambewu ndikugula chimera kuchokera kwa ogulitsa akuluakulu. M’nyumba za malting, njereyo amasefa kuti achotse zinthu zachilendo, kenako n’kuziviika ndi kuziyala pansi pa konkire kuti zimere. Panthawi ya malting, njere zomwe zamera zimaunjikana diastase, zomwe zimafulumizitsa kusandulika kwa starch kukhala shuga. Distillation imachitika m'miphika yamkuwa ngati anyezi. Mafakitale aku Scotland amanyadira zida zawo ndikusindikiza zithunzi za zokambirana m'manyuzipepala, popeza gulu la nyumba zakale limagwira ntchito bwino kuti liwonjezere malonda.
Kupanga kachasu wambewu kumasiyana kwambiri. Maonekedwe a mafakitale sakulengezedwa, chifukwa chithunzicho chimawononga malingaliro a anthu okhalamo pakupanga kachasu. Kusungunula ndi njira yosalekeza ndipo imachitika m'mipingo ya Patent Still kapena Coffey Still. Zida, monga lamulo, zimachotsedwa mu bizinesi. Nthunzi yamadzi, wort ndi mowa wopangidwa kale amazungulira mu zida nthawi imodzi, kotero mapangidwewo amawoneka ochulukirapo komanso osasangalatsa.
Mabizinesi aku Scotland nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito balere wosasungunuka, nthawi zambiri mbewu zina. Mbewu imathandizidwa ndi nthunzi kwa maola 3-4 kuti iwononge chipolopolocho ndikuyambitsa kutulutsidwa kwa wowuma. Kenako wortyo amalowa mu mash tun ndi kachimera kakang’ono kokhala ndi diastase, kamene kamafulumira kuwira. M'kati mwa distillation, mowa wamphamvu kwambiri umapezeka, womwe umafika 92%. Mtengo wopangira ma distillate ambewu ndi wotsika mtengo, chifukwa umachitika pagawo limodzi.
Kachasu wambewu amathiridwa ndi madzi a kasupe, amathiridwa mu migolo ndikusiyidwa kuti azikalamba. Nthawi yocheperako ndi zaka 3. Panthawi imeneyi, zolemba zolimba zimasowa mowa, ndipo zimakhala zoyenera kusakaniza.
Nthawi zambiri, Whisky wa Grain amafananizidwa ndi vodka, koma izi sizolondola. Barley distillate ilibe kukoma ndi fungo lokoma ngati mzimu umodzi wa malt wa kachasu weniweni, koma ili ndi maluwa ake, ngakhale amatchulidwa pang'ono, omwe sapezeka mu vodka yapamwamba.
Zovuta ndi terminology
Chida chosalekeza chosungunula distillation chinapangidwa ndi wopanga vinyo Aeneas Coffey kumbuyoko mu 1831 ndipo adachigwiritsa ntchito mwachangu pa chomera chake cha Aeneas Coffey Whisky. Opanga adatengera zida zatsopanozi mwachangu, chifukwa zidachepetsa mtengo wa distillation kangapo. Malo a bizinesiyo sanali otsimikiza, choncho zomera zatsopanozo zinali pafupi ndi madoko ndi malo akuluakulu oyendetsa magalimoto, zomwe zinachepetsa ndalama zogulira.
Mu 1905, bungwe la Islington London Borough Council lidapereka chigamulo choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito dzina loti "whiskey" pazakumwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku balere wosasungunuka. Chifukwa cha kulumikizana m'boma, kampani yayikulu ya mowa ya DCL (yomwe tsopano ndi Diageo) idalimbikitsa kuti ziletso zichotsedwe. Royal Commission idagamula kuti mawu oti "whiskey" atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi chakumwa chilichonse chomwe chimapangidwa m'mabotolo am'dzikolo. Zopangira, njira ya distillation ndi nthawi yokalamba sizinaganizidwe.
Scotch ndi whiskey waku Ireland adalengezedwa kuti ndi mayina amalonda ndi opanga malamulo, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pakufuna kwa opanga. Pankhani ya single malt distillates, opanga malamulo adalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti single malt whisky. Chikalatacho chinavomerezedwa mu 1909, ndipo kwa zaka zana zotsatira palibe amene anakakamiza opanga aku Scotland kuti aulule zakumwa zawo.
Okalamba tirigu distillate anakhala maziko a blends, otchedwa blended whiskey. Mowa wa tirigu wotchipa unkasakanizidwa ndi kachasu umodzi wa malt, womwe unapatsa khalidwe lakumwa, kukoma ndi kapangidwe kake.
Mitundu yosakanikirana yakwanitsa kupeza niche yawo pamsika pazifukwa zingapo, kuphatikiza:
- mtengo wotsika mtengo;
- Chinsinsi chosankhidwa bwino;
- kukoma komweko komwe sikumasintha malinga ndi mtanda.
Komabe, kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1960, kutchuka kwa malts amodzi kunayamba kuwonjezeka kwambiri. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kufunikira kunakula kwambiri kotero kuti ma distilleries adayamba kusiya kupanga malt, chifukwa sakanatha kupirira kuchuluka kwake.
Kukonzekera kwa zipangizo zopangira zida kunatengedwa ndi nyumba za malt za mafakitale, zomwe zinatenga malo apakati a balere womera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, panali kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa zosakaniza.
Pakali pano, ku Scotland kwatsala nkhokwe zisanu ndi ziŵiri zokha za Whisky, pamene mabizinesi oposa zana m’dzikoli amatulutsa chimera chimodzi.
Zolemba zolembera ku USA
Ku United States, nkhani ya terminology idathetsedwa kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Kumpoto kwa kontinenti, kachasu adasungunuka kuchokera ku rye, ndipo kum'mwera - kuchokera ku chimanga. Kusiyanasiyana kwazinthu zopangira mowa kwadzetsa chisokonezo ndi zolemba za mowa.
Purezidenti William Howard Taft adayambitsa chitukuko cha Chigamulo cha Whisky mu 1909. Chikalatacho chinanena kuti whisky wambewu (bourbon) amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zopangira, kumene 51% ndi chimanga. Malinga ndi lamulo lomwelo, rye distillate imasungunuka kuchokera kumbewu, pomwe gawo la rye ndi pafupifupi 51%.
Zolemba zamakono
Mu 2009, bungwe la Scotch Whisky Association linatenga lamulo latsopano lomwe linathetsa chisokonezo ndi mayina a zakumwa.
Chikalatacho chinakakamiza opanga kuti alembe zinthu kutengera ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikugawa kachasu m'magulu asanu:
- mbewu zonse (mbewu imodzi);
- tirigu wosakanizidwa (mbewu yosakanikirana);
- chimera chimodzi (chimera chimodzi);
- chimera chosakanikirana (chosakaniza malt);
- Whisky wosakanizidwa (wophatikiza Scotch).
Opanga zosintha m'magulu adagwidwa mosadziwika bwino. Mabizinesi angapo omwe ankachita kusakaniza ma molts amodzi tsopano adakakamizika kutcha whiskey wawo wosakanikirana, ndipo mizimu ya tirigu idalandira ufulu wotchedwa njere imodzi.
M'modzi mwa otsutsa kwambiri malamulo atsopanowa, mwiniwake wa Compass Box John Glaser adanena kuti bungweli, pofuna kubweretsa ogula zokhudzana ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa, linapeza zotsatira zosiyana. Malingana ndi winemaker, m'maganizo a ogula, mawu akuti single amagwirizanitsidwa ndi khalidwe lapamwamba, ndipo osakanikirana amagwirizanitsidwa ndi mowa wotchipa. Ulosi wa Glaser wokhudza kukwera kwa chidwi pa whisky wambewu wakwaniritsidwa mwa zina. Mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa lamuloli, kuchuluka kwa Whisky Single Grain Whisky kwawonjezeka, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yokalamba zawonekera m'makampani ambiri otchuka.
Mitundu yotchuka ya whisky yambewu
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri:
- Cameron Brig;
- Mbewu imodzi ya Loch Lomond;
- Teeling Irish Whisky Single Njere;
- Borders Single Grain Scotch Whisky.
Kupanga kachasu wa tirigu kwakhala kopambana kwambiri ku St. Petersburg "Ladoga", yomwe imapanga Whisky wa Fowler pogwiritsa ntchito distillate kuchokera kusakaniza kwa tirigu, balere, chimanga ndi rye. Chakumwa chazaka zisanu chinapambana mendulo ya siliva ku The World Whisky Masters 2020. Ma Whisky a Grain amagawidwa m'magulu osiyana pamipikisano yapadziko lonse.
Momwe mungamwe mowa wa whisky
M'zinthu zotsatsa, opanga amatsindika za kufewa komanso kupepuka kwa kachasu wa tirigu, makamaka okalamba kwa nthawi yayitali m'mabokosi akale a bourbon, doko, sherry komanso Cabernet Sauvignon. Komabe, zambiri mwazinthuzo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito pokhapokha ngati maziko a zosakaniza, ndipo kulawa mizimu yotere sikungabweretse chisangalalo chochepa. Ma whiskeys akale amtundu wa monograin akadali osowa, ngakhale mitundu yodziwika bwino yatulutsa zinthu zambiri zoyenera mgululi pamsika.
Mafani amazindikira kuti whiskey wambewu wa premium siwoyipa mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, ngakhale amalimbikitsidwabe kumwa ndi ayezi kapena kusakaniza ndi soda kapena ginger mandimu.
Nthawi zambiri kachasu wa tirigu amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu cocktails ndi kuwonjezera kwa cola, mandimu kapena manyumwa madzi. Ndiko kuti, kumene zolemba zapadera za fungo ndi kukoma sizifunikira.
Palibe mithunzi yowoneka bwino ya utsi kapena peppery mu whisky wambewu ya organoleptic. Monga lamulo, powonekera, amapeza zipatso, amondi, uchi ndi toni.
