Zamkatimu
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu akhala akuyang'ana njira yopangira mowa yomwe simayambitsa kukomoka. Olemba mabuku opeka a sayansi afotokoza zakumwa zozizwitsa zomwe zimapereka chisangalalo, koma m'mawa wotsatira sizimayambitsa zizindikiro zosasangalatsa zodziwika bwino. Zikuwoneka kuti zongopeka zidzakwaniritsidwa posachedwa - kugwira ntchito pa mowa wopanda vuto walowa gawo lomaliza. Zachilendozi zatchedwa kale mowa wopangira, koma dzinali siliyenera kutengedwa mosadziwika bwino. Komanso, mowa wopangidwa ndi mankhwala wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo ndi woletsedwa kuugwiritsa ntchito popanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa.
Kodi mowa wopangidwa ndi chiyani
Mowa wopangidwa si chinthu chatsopano mu sayansi. Mlembi wa chiphunzitso cha organic chemistry, Alexander Butlerov, anayamba kudzipatula ethanol mu 1872. Wasayansi anayesa mpweya wa ethylene ndi sulfuric acid, zomwe, zitatenthedwa, adatha kudzipatula mowa woyamba wapamwamba. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, wasayansiyo anayamba kafukufuku wake atatsimikiza kale za zotsatira zake - mothandizidwa ndi mawerengedwe, adatha kumvetsetsa kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa molekyulu womwe ungabwere chifukwa cha mankhwala enaake.
Pambuyo poyesera bwino, Butlerov adapeza njira zingapo zomwe pambuyo pake zinathandizira kukhazikitsa kupanga mowa wopangira. Pambuyo pa ntchito yake, adagwiritsa ntchito acetyl chloride ndi zinc methyl - mankhwala oopsawa, pansi pazifukwa zina, amatha kupeza trimethylcarbinol, yomwe panopa imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mowa wa ethyl. Ntchito za katswiri wamankhwala wodziwika bwino zinayamikiridwa pambuyo pa 1950, pamene akatswiri a mafakitale anaphunzira kupeza gasi weniweni.
Kupanga mowa wopangidwa kuchokera ku gasi ndikotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa kuzinthu zachilengedwe, koma ngakhale m'zaka zimenezo boma la Soviet linakana kugwiritsa ntchito ethanol yopangira chakudya. Poyamba ndinasiya kununkhiza - mafuta a petulo ankawoneka bwino mu fungo la mowa. Kenako asayansi anatsimikizira kuopsa kwa Mowa yokumba ku thanzi la munthu. Zakumwa zoledzeretsa zozikidwa pa izo zinayambitsa kumwerekera mofulumira ndipo zinali ndi zotsatira zovuta kwambiri pa ziwalo za mkati. Ngakhale izi, vodka yabodza nthawi zina imagulitsidwa ku Russia, yomwe imatumizidwa makamaka kuchokera ku Kazakhstan.
Kodi mowa wopangidwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti?
Mowa wopangidwa kuchokera ku gasi, mafuta, ngakhale malasha. Ukadaulo umapangitsa kuti zitheke kupulumutsa zinthu zopangira chakudya ndikupanga zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa kutengera Mowa.
Mowa umawonjezeredwa ku kapangidwe kake:
- zosungunulira;
- mafuta agalimoto ndi zida zapadera;
- zipangizo zopenta;
- antifreeze zakumwa;
- mankhwala onunkhira.
Ma biofuel a mowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera ku petulo. Mowa ndi zosungunulira zabwino, choncho ndipamene maziko a zina kuti kuteteza zinthu za injini kuyaka mkati.
Mowa wambiri umagulidwa ndi mafakitale apulasitiki ndi mphira, komwe amafunikira kuti apange njira zopangira. Akuluakulu ogulitsa mowa wopangidwa ndi mayiko aku South America ndi South Africa.
Mowa wa Synthetic Alcarelle
Chimodzi mwazinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri pazakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi Alcarelle (Alkarel), zomwe sizimakhudzana ndi mowa wamafuta ndi malasha. Woyambitsa zinthu zimenezi ndi Pulofesa David Nutt, amene anathera moyo wake wonse kuphunzira za ubongo wa munthu. Wasayansi wachingelezi wochokera kudziko lina, adagwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo monga mkulu wa dipatimenti yachipatala ku US National Institute of Alcohol Abuse.
Mu 1988, wofufuzayo anabwerera kwawo ndipo anatsogolera khama lake lonse polimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kuledzera. Nutt ndiye adaphunzira za neuropsychopharmacology ku Imperial College London, komwe adathamangitsidwa chifukwa chonena kuti Mowa ndi wowopsa kwa anthu kuposa heroin ndi cocaine. Pambuyo pake, wasayansiyo adadzipereka yekha pakukula kwa mankhwala a Alcarelle, omwe amatha kusintha mowa.
Ntchito pa Alcarelle ili m'munda wa neuroscience, yomwe yapita patsogolo kwambiri posachedwa. Mowa umayambitsa kuledzera chifukwa umakhudza chotumiza china mu ubongo. David Nutt adayamba kutsanzira izi. Iye adalenga chinthu chomwe chimabweretsa munthu kukhala wofanana ndi kuledzera kwa mowa, koma zakumwa zochokera pa izo sizimayambitsa kuledzera ndi kuledzera.
Nutt ali ndi chidaliro kuti umunthu sudzasiya mowa, popeza mowa wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuti athetse kupsinjika maganizo ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Ntchito ya wasayansi inali kupanga chinthu chomwe chingapatse ubongo chisangalalo pang'ono, koma osati kuzimitsa chidziwitso. Pankhaniyi, chinthu sayenera kusokoneza ubongo, chiwindi ndi m`mimba thirakiti. Cholinga chake chinali kupeza cholowa m'malo mwa Mowa, zomwe zimawononga zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda opumira ndikuwononga ziwalo zamkati.
Malinga ndi David Natta, analogue ya mowa wa Alcarelle idapangidwa kuti isalowerere m'thupi. Komabe, ntchito ya wasayansi kumbali iyi imayambitsa nkhawa ya gulu la asayansi. Otsutsa samakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za ubongo zingakhale zotetezeka ndipo zimatanthawuza kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha vutoli. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za otsutsa ndizoti Alcarelle amatha kuyambitsa khalidwe losagwirizana ndi anthu, chifukwa amachotsa zotchinga zomwe ubongo umayika.
Alcarelle pakadali pano akuyesa chitetezo chamagulu angapo. Zinthuzi zidzayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha atavomerezedwa ndi mautumiki ndi madipatimenti oyenera. Kuyamba kwa malonda kukukonzekera 2023. Komabe, mawu oteteza mankhwalawa akuchulukirachulukira. Ambiri amalota akukumana ndi zosangalatsa zonse za kuledzera popanda kubwezera mwankhanza m'mawa.