Zamkatimu
Kubzala bowa pamalowa mwa kuyika mtengo ndi mycorrhiza ndi njira yabwino yopezera bowa ku dacha yanu. Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti bowa oyenera kudya adzawoneka m'nyumba yanu yachilimwe, mudzapezanso ngodya yokongola. Pobzala bowa mycorrhiza, bowa monga chanterelles, boletus, bowa wamkaka, bowa ndi mphatso zina zambiri zakutchire zitha kukulitsidwa pawekha.
Momwe mungabzalire bowa m'nyumba yachilimwe: mafuta oswana
Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti malo opangira bowa - ma copses, m'mphepete, malo obzala m'mphepete mwamisewu, odzala ndi mitengo yamitengo yazovuta - amagwera mwadzidzidzi m'malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu. Ngati mukudziwa kuti kutha kumawopseza bowa wotere, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kusamutsa mtengo wa mycorrhiza kupita kumunda wanu. Chifukwa chake mutha kuswana bowa ambiri patsambalo, chinthu chachikulu ndikusankha malo oyenera m'mundamo.
M'chigawo cha ku Europe cha Dziko Lathu, mitundu iwiri ya mbewu zamafuta ndiyofala kwambiri: oiler weniweni (Nkhumba yachikasu) ndi mafuta granular (Nkhumba ya granulated). Ubwino wa granular oiler kuti ukule pamalowa ndikuti umapereka zokolola zambiri, pansi pa pine kuyambira Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn. Agulugufe amatha kumera pansi pa mitengo yapaini. Iwo amabala zipatso pakati pa udzu, popanda kuphwanya kukhulupirika kwa udzu. Mukamakula bowa mu kanyumba ka chilimwe, mycelium samavutika potchetcha udzu.
[»»]
Imodzi mwa njira zodalirika zokulitsira bowa wa mycorrhizal m'munda ndikubzala kamtengo kakang'ono komwe bowa wofunikira umamera. Mukamakula bowa pamalopo, mbewuyo imatha kuwoneka m'zaka zingapo. Oil granular ndiye woyenera kwambiri panjira iyi. Mafutawa amabala zipatso kuyambira May mpaka kumapeto kwa September ndipo amapereka zokolola zambiri. Iye amakonda nthaka calcareous, amene anasankha kubzala. Butterdish imamera osati m'nkhalango zokha, komanso m'mphepete mwa nkhalango m'madera odzibzala paini, kumene udzu umamera ndipo pali bowa ena ochepa omwe angapikisane nawo. Mitengo ya paini yobzalidwa imakula msanga m'mundamo.
Musanayambe kukulitsa bowa pamalopo, m'malo odzibzala paini pamunda wakale wolimidwa, ndikofunikira kuyika chizindikiro pasadakhale mitengo yokhala ndi zipatso zambiri za granular oiler. Poyesa kuswana, mitengo ya paini idakumbidwa popanda dothi. Mtengo woyamba wa paini, wocheperako pang'ono mita mu kukula, unabzalidwa pamalo opanda dzuwa pakati pa udzu wa udzu ndi tchire la mabulosi m'chilimwe cha 2000. Udzuwo unathiriridwa ndi payipi mu nyengo youma. Bowa woyamba adawonekera m'nyumba yachilimwe m'chilimwe cha 2004, koma zokolola zinali zochepa. Mu 2005, mbale ya batala inabala zipatso kangapo m'chilimwe chonse. Mu nyengo ya 2006, bowa woyamba wa fruiting pamunda wamaluwa adalembedwa pa tchuthi cha Meyi 9, chachiwiri - pa Meyi 30, ndipo agulugufe ena amawonekera pafupipafupi kwa milungu itatu mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala.
Mukamabzala bowa m'kanyumba ka chilimwe, kusamalira munda wamafuta kumakhala kuthirira nthawi zonse udzu pansi pamitengo. Malowa ayenera kukhala otchingidwa ndi mpanda wa pulasitiki wochepa kuti asapondedwe. Oilers amakonda kuwonekera pafupi ndi tchire, mizati ya mpanda ndi zopinga zina pakukula kwa mycelium.
Munthawi ya 2007 mpaka 2010, polima bowa, mitengo ya paini yokhala ndi batala ya granular ndi mbale yeniyeni ya batala idasinthidwa kupita kumunda. Mafuta a granular amakula chaka chilichonse, ndipo zitsanzo zamafuta enieni zawonekera kangapo kokha. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha calcareous chikhalidwe cha nthaka pa malo.
Momwe mungabzalitsire bowa safironi m'munda wamaluwa wachilimwe
M'dziko Lathu losasinthika, zinali zowoneka bwino kukongoletsa misewu m'malo ndi mitengo yamlombwa yomwe idakumbidwa m'malo omwe bowa amabala zipatso m'nkhalango. Bwanji osabweza mwambo umenewu? Kusamutsa mtengo wa Khrisimasi ndi mycorrhiza spruce camelina (Timaopa mkaka) adzaonetsetsa kuti fruiting yapachaka ya bowa wa m'nkhalangoyi pa malo ndi kukongoletsa dimba.
Spruce camelina - bowa wokongola kwambiri wokhala ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino pa kapu mu mawonekedwe a mphete za mtundu wa karoti wonyezimira wokhala ndi utoto wobiriwira. Ngakhale bowa atakula m'nkhalango yapafupi, ndizomveka kufalitsa bowa pamalowa ndi manja anu, chifukwa amatha kusonkhanitsidwa m'mawa atangowonekera. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa bowa wa spruce amamera m'chilimwe ndipo amawonongeka msanga ndi tizilombo.
Amapanga mycorrhiza ndi pine gourmet camelina (Mkaka wokondeka). Pine camelina ndi yayikulu kuposa spruce komanso yowala kwambiri. Imabala zipatso kumapeto kwa autumn pansi pa mitengo ya paini pamtunda wa miyala ya laimu. Choncho, m'zaka zina, nyengo yozizira, mukhoza kusonkhanitsa dengu lonse la zisoti zamkaka za safironi.
Nthawi yomweyo, bowa wa Chroogomphus rutilus amamera pamenepo, womwe umakondanso nthaka ya calcareous ndikupanga mycorrhiza ndi paini. Ndi bowa wamkulu, wooneka ngati chanterelle, wachikasu-bulauni wokhala ndi mbale zofiirira-violet. Ena otola bowa amakonda kukoma kokoma kwa mokruha.
[»wp-content/plugins/include-me/goog-left.php»]
Camelina yokoma imakololedwa mochuluka mu Seputembala m'minda yaying'ono ya pine. Kumene minda yolimidwa yosalimidwa yazunguliridwa ndi nkhalango za paini, nkhalango zowirira zimapangika. Bowa wa paini amamera m'nkhalango zotere. Pa dothi la miyala ya laimu pansi pa mitengo ya paini, mafuta amayamba kukolola, ndiyeno mokruha ndi bowa zimawonekera pamenepo.
Momwe mungakulire bowa safironi m'munda? Njira yosavuta ndiyo kubzala mitengo yaying'ono kwambiri ya paini kuchokera kumitengo ya paini. Mizu ya pine imamera bwino, ngakhale itakumbidwa popanda dongo. Pafupi ndi malo a camelina, ma pine onse ali ndi mycorrhiza pamizu. Bowa amatha kuwoneka zaka zingapo, ngakhale asanadzole mafuta. Koma, ngati wothira mafuta amatha kukula kwambiri ndikubala zipatso pa udzu pansi pa paini wina wobzalidwa kuti azikongoletsa dimba, ndiye kuti camelina amakonda nkhalango ya pine komanso udzu wosadulidwa wapamwamba.
Mukakulitsa bowa pamalo anu mutabzala mitengo yapaini yazaka 2-3 ndi safironi mycorrhiza kuchokera kunkhalango, bowa adawonekera chaka chamawa. Simupeza zokolola zambiri, koma bowa wathu amakhala ngati chizindikiro choti mutolere m'nkhalango.
Chokoma, pang'ono tart lalanje yamkaka madzi a bowa si owawa. Ryzhik ndi yopanda poizoni ndipo ndi yoyenera kumwa mwanjira iliyonse.
Kulima bowa chanterelle kuseri kwa nyumba
Kuchokera ku mafangasi ena a mycorrhizal anafesedwa chanterelles (Chanterelle cibarius) ndi bowa wouma mkaka. Chanterelles nthawi zambiri amawoneka okha m'minda yamaluwa pamaso pa mitengo pamenepo. Ku Ulaya, ndi ku Dziko Lathu, ambiri amakonda chanterelles kuposa bowa wina. Pali zifukwa zake. Munthawi ya bowa, chanterelles amakula nthawi zonse komanso kulikonse, ngakhale chaka chouma. Iwo ndi achikasu chowala - ndi osavuta kupeza ndipo amatha kusonkhanitsidwa kwambiri. Chanterelles amasungidwa bwino pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa, samasweka kapena kusweka mu chikwama. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe kusonkhanitsa ndi kugula kwawo kwakhazikitsidwa.
Momwe mungabzalitsire chanterelle bowa pa chiwembu? Kuti muchite izi, ikani m'munda mtengo womwe uli pafupi ndi Cantharellus cibarius m'nkhalango.
Ngakhale omwe sadziwa bwino bowa amadziwa kuti chanterelles si poizoni. Chifukwa china ndi nthano yonena za kuchiritsa kwawo ndi kuti samaunjikana zinthu zovulaza. Koma iyi ndi nthano chabe, chifukwa ponena za ubwino wathanzi kapena kuvulaza, chanterelles amasiyana pang'ono ndi bowa wina wodyedwa wa mycorrhizal. Ponena za kukoma kwawo, kukoma kwawo ndi fungo lawo, ngakhale kuti ndi bowa, ndizofooka. Iwo ndi abwino mu skillet, chifukwa. ndizokazinga pang'ono, koma ndi bwino kuziphika pamodzi ndi bowa zina zonunkhira.
[»wp-content/plugins/include-me/ya1-h2.php»]
Momwe mungafalitsire bowa m'munda wamaluwa: kukula bowa
Bere youma, cracker, kapena podgruzdok woyera (Russia delica) alibe chowawa chilichonse, alibe madzi amkaka. Mnofu ndi woyera ndi kukoma kokoma, zokometsera pang'ono. Sikuti aliyense amakonda kuwawa kwake, koma pambuyo pa salting kapena kuwira kumatha. Ndizoyenera mbale zilizonse, ndipo mu pickling zimakhala bwino ngati bowa weniweni. Ambiri kudera la Moscow amamuona ngati katundu weniweni, zomwe sizowona.
Kuti mbale zosalimba za bowa zisaphwanyike musanaphike, ziyenera kukhala blanched. Nthawi zina amapezeka m'minda yamaluwa ndi birch. Choyipa chake chachikulu ndi mphutsi zamphamvu za bowa. Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti mawere owuma amapereka mphamvu ya fruiting kumapeto kwa autumn, panthawi yomwe ngakhale zazikulu kwambiri zimakhalabe zopanda mphutsi.
Ngati mumaswana bowa mu chiwembu ngati m'nkhalango ndi kupanga mikhalidwe yake fruiting, mu kugwa mukhoza kusonkhanitsa okwanira mkaka bowa salting. Pokonzekera mbewu, zitha kupezeka kuti spores za bowa wouma mkaka, monga spores za chanterelles, sizikhazikika bwino mu yankho. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kuyimitsidwa kwa spores pamodzi ndi zamkati.
Ndi momwe kuswana bowa m'munda chiwembu bowa wamkaka ndi weniweni (Ndife mlimi wa mkaka) ndi zakuda (lactarius necator)? Chitani bwino ndi birch. Mkaka weniweni (Ndife mlimi wa mkaka) alidi mfumu ya bowa mu kukoma. Uwu ndi bowa woyera, kenako wofewa pang'ono wokhala ndi kapu yopindika. Zamkati ndi wandiweyani, Chimaona, ndi fungo lokoma. Madzi oyera a caustic amasanduka achikasu mumlengalenga.
Bowa weniweni wamkaka, wokhala ndi mchere wozizira, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa komanso kukoma kwake. Bowa wamkaka wamchere wokutidwa ndi madzi ngati odzola amachotsedwa mu mbiya ndi smack. Ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe zimafanana nazo ngati zokondweretsa! M'mapiri a Urals ku Bashkiria, nthawi yokolola bowa wambiri, chidebe cha bowa chimawononga ndalama zosakwana chidebe chimodzi cha mbatata. Koma, mwatsoka, ku Europe gawo la Dziko Lathu, bere lenileni limabwera kawirikawiri komanso pang'ono.
Koma m'minda yamaluwa ya dera la Moscow, komwe kuli mitengo ya birch ndi nthaka yonyowa, nthawi zina imawonekera chifuwa chakuda (lactarius necator). M'minda yamitengo, udzu waukulu wa milkweed nthawi zambiri umamera - violinist (Mlimi wamkaka). Violin imakhalanso ndi kukoma kowawa komanso kowawa. Kuwawa kumeneku sikusangalatsa kukoma ngakhale pambuyo pa zilowerere zambiri.
[»]
Momwe mungakulire bowa wina m'munda
Ndipo momwe mungafalitsire bowa zamitundu ina pamasamba? Kusinthitsa ma birch ndi ma oak ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi bowa woyera mycorrhiza kumatha kuchitika mobwerezabwereza, koma zotsatira zake ndikuwoneka kwa bowa wina wa mycorrhizal pansi pamipanda. Musanayambe kukula bowa wa porcini m'nyumba yachilimwe, ndi bwino kukumba ma birches ndi oak ndi dongo la dothi ndi boletus pa chikomokere. Kotero palibe kukayikira za kukhalapo kwa mycorrhiza wa bowa woyera pa mizu.
Pansi pa ma birch awiri chaka chino, bowa wamkaka wodyedwa wakula, wofanana ndi bowa wamkaka. izo lactic zonal (Lactarius zorius). Ili ndi kukoma kokoma koma kosangalatsa. Madzi pang'ono amkaka. Bowa wokongola uyu wokhala ndi zamkati wandiweyani ndi oyenera pickling m'njira yozizira.
Boletus spruce (Paini bedi) anabweretsedwa mwachindunji pamizu ya mtengo wa Khirisimasi kuchokera ku magombe a Western Dvina. Mtengowo wazika mizu. Panalibe bowa panobe. Imakula m'munda ndi ma aspen angapo okhala ndi mycorrhiza red boletus (Bedi lalalanje). Mpaka pano palibe zipatso za zipatso.
Kuchita bwino kwa kulima zipere pabedi la tchipisi tamatabwa kwasonkhezera chidwi ndi bowa wina wa m’nkhalango amene amamera pansi pa nkhalango.
Zosangalatsa kwambiri mwa iwo:
- kwambiri chokoma ndi otchuka bowa mzere wofiirira (Lepista wamaliseche), imamera m'dzinja pa zinyalala m'nkhalango za coniferous;
- zofanana kwambiri ndi iye kupalasa ndi kwauve (Sordid lepista);
- bowa wa oyisitara (Pleurotus eryngii), yoyera, imatchedwa "boletus" chifukwa ndi yofanana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a bowa woyera;
- bowa wa udzu (volvariella volvacea), imamera bwino paudzu pa kutentha kwakukulu.
Nthawi zina bowa, womwe umatengedwa kuti ndi wonyowa, umameranso pazinyalala.
Mwachitsanzo, a champignon m'nkhalango (Agaricus silvicola) ndi champignon august (Agaricus Augustus), yomwe idakula mu 2013 pa mulch wa msondodzi pawokha. Mu 2013 ndi 2014, maluwa a mphete atasiya kubala zipatso mu September, adakula pabedi lomwelo. chikwapu cha msondodzi (Shelufu ya msondodzi). Bowa wophika amakhala ndi kukoma kofanana ndi bowa. Kulavulira kwa msondodzi wokazinga ndikwabwino kwambiri!
Ndi mmene kuswana bowa monga ambulera wamkulu wokongola (Zolemba za Macrolepiota) ndi mzere wamba (Gyromitra esculenta)? Atha kufalitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wokulitsa bowa wa zinyalala.
Koma bowa wofunidwa kwambiri komanso wokoma kwambiri wa humus ndi Kupalasa miyendo ya lilac (lepista personata). N'zotheka kuti m'tsogolomu zidzakhala zotheka kumera bowa wina wamtengo pabedi la tchipisi tamatabwa.
It chilimwe uchi agaric (Kuenheromyces mutabilus) ndi mzere wa autumn (Chotsani gyrometer).
Komanso zosangalatsa bowa inki (Coprinus atramentarius), umene umapangitsa mowa kukhala wapoizoni mwa kutsekereza ma enzyme amene amawola mowa.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungakulire bowa m'nkhalango pamalopo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi nthawi yoti muchitepo kanthu!