Zamkatimu
Kukula kwa Shiitake
Kufotokozera mwachidule za bowa, mawonekedwe a kukula kwake
Ku Ulaya, bowa wa shiitake amadziwika bwino kuti Lentinus edodes. Ndiwoyimira banja lalikulu la bowa losavunda, lomwe lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi ndi theka la bowa lomwe silingamere pamitengo yovunda ndi kufa, komanso mu gawo lapansi la mbewu. Ndizofala kwambiri kuwona shiitake ikukula pamitengo ya chestnut. Ku Japan, chestnuts amatchedwa "shii", choncho dzina la bowa. Komabe, imatha kupezekanso pamitundu ina yamitengo yophukira, kuphatikiza. pa hornbeam, poplar, birch, oak, beech.
Kuthengo, mtundu uwu wa bowa nthawi zambiri umapezeka kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia, kuphatikizapo. m’madera amapiri a China, Korea ndi Japan. Ku Ulaya, America, Africa ndi Australia, shiitake zakutchire sizipezeka. M'dziko Lathu, bowa uwu umapezeka ku Far East.
Shiitake ndi bowa wa saprophyte, choncho zakudya zake zimachokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe kuchokera ku nkhuni zowola. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri bowawa amapezeka pazitsa zakale ndi mitengo yowumitsa.
Anthu aku Asia akhala akuyamika machiritso a shiitake, ndichifukwa chake akhala akulimidwa ndi iwo pazitsa zamitengo kwa zaka masauzande.
Maonekedwe, bowa ndi bowa wachipewa wokhala ndi tsinde lalifupi. Chipewacho chimatha kukhala ndi mainchesi mpaka 20 centimita, koma nthawi zambiri chimakhala cha 5-10 centimita. Bowa wamtunduwu umakula popanda kupangidwa kwa matupi a fruiting. Mtundu wa kapu ya bowa kumayambiriro kwa kukula ndi wofiirira, mawonekedwe ake ndi ozungulira. Koma pakucha, chipewacho chimakhala chosalala ndipo chimakhala ndi mthunzi wopepuka.
Bowa ali ndi thupi lopepuka, lomwe limasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kosakhwima, kukumbukira pang'ono kukoma kwa bowa wa porcini.
Kusankha malo ndi kukonzekera
Kulima kwa Shiitake kumatha kuchitika m'njira zingapo: mozama komanso mozama. Pachiyambi choyamba, kukula kwake kumapangidwa pafupi kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe, ndipo kachiwiri, zomera kapena matabwa zopangira matabwa zimasankhidwa payekhapayekha bowa ndikuwonjezerapo njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira michere. Kulima shiitake kumakhala ndi phindu lalikulu, komabe, mafamu ambiri a bowa aku Asia amakonda mtundu wokulirapo wa bowawu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu a ku Asia amakonzekera makamaka madera ena a nkhalango, kumene mthunzi wa mitengo umapanga malo abwino kwambiri kuti shiitake ikule.
Nyengo, yomwe imadziwika ndi chilimwe chotentha komanso yozizira, sichingatchulidwe kuti ndi yabwino kulima bowa wotere, chifukwa chake, kupanga malo apadera kumafunika momwe kungathekere kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi kutentha. Njira yokulirapo ndiyo kubzala bowa pazitsa za mitengo yodukaduka, yomwe amakololedwa mwapadera kuti achite izi. Odziwika kwambiri mu bizinesi iyi ndi ma chestnuts ndi ma chestnuts ochepa, nyanga, beeches ndi oak ndizoyeneranso izi. Kuti bowa ukule wathanzi komanso wathanzi, zitsa za kulimidwa ziyenera kukololedwa panthawi yomwe kuyamwa kwamitengo m'mitengo kumayima, mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kukhala koyambirira kwa masika kapena kumapeto kwa autumn. Panthawi imeneyi, nkhuni zimakhala ndi zakudya zambiri. Musanasankhe nkhuni zokulitsa shiitake, muyenera kuziyang'ana mosamala, ndikutaya zitsa zowonongeka.
Kuti mupeze zitsa, zipika zocheka ndi mainchesi 10-20 centimita ndizoyenera kwambiri. Kutalika kwa chitsa chilichonse kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 1-1,5 metres. Akalandira chiwerengero chofunikira cha zitsa, amapindika mu mulu wa nkhuni ndikukutidwa ndi burlap, zomwe ziyenera kuwapulumutsa kuti asawume. Ngati nkhuni zauma, matabwawo ayenera kunyowa ndi madzi masiku 4-5 asanafese mycelium.
Shiitake imathanso kulimidwa mumitengo yowuma, koma pokhapokha ngati isanayambe kuvunda. Mitengo yotereyi iyenera kunyowa kwambiri sabata imodzi musanadzalemo mycelium. Kulima bowa kungathe kuchitidwa kunja ndi m'chipinda chapadera momwe mungathe kusunga kutentha koyenera kuti shiitake ikule.
Poyamba, fruiting ya bowa idzachitika kokha nyengo yofunda, koma chachiwiri, zikuwoneka kuti n'zotheka kukula shiitake chaka chonse. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti polima bowa m'malo otseguka, ayenera kutetezedwa ku mphepo ndi dzuwa.
Komanso, musaiwale kuti shiitake idzabala zipatso pokhapokha ngati kutentha kwapakati kumasungidwa pa madigiri 13-16, ndi chinyezi cha nkhuni pa 35-60%. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyatsa ndikofunikiranso - kuyenera kukhala osachepera 100 lumens.
Bzalani mycelium
Asanayambe kufesa, mabowo ayenera kubowola mu zitsa za mycelium. Kuzama kwawo kuyenera kukhala 3-5 masentimita, ndipo m'mimba mwake kuyenera kukhala 12 mm. Pankhaniyi, sitepeyo iyenera kuwonedwa pamtunda wa 20-25 cm, ndipo pakati pa mizere iyenera kukhala osachepera 5-10 cm.
Mycelium imakhala yodzaza kwambiri ndi mabowo. Kenako dzenjelo limatsekedwa ndi pulagi, yomwe m'mimba mwake ndi 1-2 mm yaying'ono kuposa m'mimba mwake. Nkhatayo imakhomeredwa ndi nyundo, ndipo mipata yotsalayo imamatidwa ndi sera. Ndiye zitsazi zimagawidwanso mu mulu wamatabwa kapena m'chipinda chapadera. Kukula kwa mycelium kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri - kuchokera ku khalidwe la mycelium kupita kuzinthu zomwe zimapangidwa. Chifukwa chake, imatha kupitilira miyezi 6-18. Kutentha koyenera kwambiri kudzakhala madigiri 20-25, ndipo nkhuni ziyenera kukhala ndi chinyezi pamwamba pa 35%.
Kuti matabwawo asawume, aphimbidwe kuchokera pamwamba, ndipo akauma, amatha kunyowa. Wotolera bowa amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi wopangidwa ngati mawanga oyera kuchokera ku hyphae ayamba kuwonekera pazigawo zamitengo, ndipo chipikacho sichimapanganso kulira pogogoda. Pamene mphindi iyi yafika, zipika ziyenera kuviikidwa m'madzi. Ngati kunja kuli nyengo yofunda, ndiye kuti izi ziyenera kuchitika kwa maola 12-20, ngati nyengo yozizira - kwa masiku 2-3. Izi zidzakulitsa chinyezi cha nkhuni mpaka 75%.
Kukula ndi kukolola
Pamene mycelium inayamba kuchulukirachulukira, zipikazo ziyenera kuikidwa m'malo okonzedwa kale. Kuchokera pamwamba, amakutidwa ndi nsalu yowoneka bwino, chifukwa chake pali kufanana kwa chinyezi ndi kutentha.
Pamene pamwamba pa zipika zili ndi matupi a fruiting, nsalu yotetezera iyenera kutayidwa, chinyezi m'chipindacho chimachepetsedwa kufika 60%.
Zipatso zimatha kupitilira masabata 1-2.
Ngati luso la kulima lawonedwa, bowa akhoza kubzalidwa kuchokera pachitsa chimodzi chofesedwa kwa zaka zisanu. Nthawi yomweyo, chitsa choterechi chimabala zipatso 2-3 pachaka. Zokolola zikatha, zitsa zimayikidwanso mu mulu wa nkhuni, ndikuphimba ndi nsalu yotumiza kuwala pamwamba.
Onetsetsani kuti mupewe kuchepa kwa chinyezi cha nkhuni mpaka pansi pa 40%, komanso kusunga kutentha kwa mpweya pa madigiri 16-20.
Mitengo ikauma pang'ono, iyeneranso kuviikidwa m'madzi.