Zamkatimu
Truffles kukula
Kufotokozera mwachidule za bowa, mawonekedwe a kukula kwake
Truffle ndi bowa wa marsupial. Ili ndi thupi la tuberous fruiting, imakhalanso ndi minofu, ndipo imamera pansi pamtunda wa masentimita 10-20. Truffle ili ndi mitundu yambiri. Malo akuluakulu a kukula kwawo ndi nkhalango ya Southern France, Northern Italy. Komabe, bowawa amapezekanso ku our country, Dziko Lathu, Belarus komanso ku Central Asia.
Bowa uwu ndi saprophyte. Mycorrhism amapangidwa ndi iye ndi mizu ya thundu ndi beech, ndipo amalandira zakudya kuchokera ku zinthu zakuthupi m'nthaka. Nthawi zambiri, thupi la fruiting limakhala ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika. M'mawu ake, bowa wotereyo amafanana ndi mbatata, kapena ali ndi mawonekedwe a marble. Pali mitsempha yokhala ndi nthiti zopanda mtundu. Truffle ili ndi thumba lokhala ngati thumba lomwe lili ndi spores za globular ndi misana yosalala. Komabe, si mtundu uliwonse wa truffles womwe uli woyenera kudya. Black French ndi woyera Piedmontese truffles ndi amtengo wapatali kwambiri. Dziko lathu limadziwika ndi mtundu umodzi wa truffle - chilimwe. Pofufuza bowa wotere, agalu ndi nkhumba zophunzitsidwa mwapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zina, mutha kupeza truffle nokha ngati ili pansi pa masamba owola.
pakuti black (winter) truffle mawonekedwe ozungulira a tuberous a thupi la fruiting, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe akuda kapena amdima wakuda, ndi khalidwe. Ukulu wa truffles wotere ukhoza kukhala wosiyana kwambiri - kuchokera ku mtedza kupita ku apulo wapakati. Chipatsocho chimakhala ndi utoto wofiirira wa zamkati, womwe, pambuyo pakucha kwathunthu kwa bowa, umakhala wofiirira-wakuda. Bowawa ali ndi fungo lamphamvu komanso kukoma kosakhwima.
Bowa wodyedwa uli ndi zinthu zomwe siziri mu zomera zokha, komanso zinyama. Komabe, ndizosatheka kutchula kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa zinthu zina, chifukwa sizokhazikika ndipo zimatengera mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, pakuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zanyama mu bowa, zimakhala zapoizoni.
Kusankha malo ndi kukonzekera
Ma truffles akuda nthawi zambiri amakula m'minda ya oak, hornbeams, mtedza ndi beeches. Pokhapokha pamizu ya mitengo imeneyi bowa limatha kupanga mycorism. Kugwiritsa ntchito minda yachilengedwe kapena yolimidwa mwapadera ndikololedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ma truffles amafunikira nyengo yofunda kuti akule, chifukwa sangathe kupirira chisanu kapena kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yopanda nyengo yozizira komanso yotentha yotentha ndi yabwino kulima truffles. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti truffle imatha kumera m'nthaka ya calcareous, yomwe iyenera kukhala yotayidwa bwino komanso kukhala ndi zakudya zabwino.
Pakulima kopanga kwa bowawa, minda yapadera imayikidwa, ndipo dothi limawonjezeredwa kunthaka, lomwe limadziwika ndi malo achilengedwe a truffles.
Kusankha malo a mitengo n'kofunikanso, chifukwa sayenera kukumana ndi nyengo yoopsa. Kuonjezera apo, mitengo yotereyi iyenera kumera kutali ndi mitengo ina, ndipo nyama zosiyanasiyana siziyenera kukhala nazo. M'pofunikanso kufufuza mlingo wa acidity nthaka. Kunyumba, izi zimachitika motere - chitsanzo cha nthaka chimayikidwa mu chidebe, ndiye vinyo wosasa woyera amawonjezeredwa pamenepo. Ngati kusakaniza kumatulutsa phokoso laling'ono, ndiye kuti truffle sichidzakula m'nthaka yoteroyo, kuwonjezeka kwa mlingo wa alkalinity kumafunika. Pachifukwa ichi, laimu amawonjezeredwa pansi. Ndipo mitengo ikabzalidwa.
Bzalani mycelium
Mycelium iyenera kubweretsedwa pamodzi ndi dziko lapansi, lomwe linachokera kumalo achilengedwe a truffles. Kuti muchite izi, mycelium imakumbidwa mpaka kuya kwa 10-15 centimita, ndikuyika pafupi ndi mitengo. Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kuswa bowa wakucha bwino ndikumwaza pafupi ndi mizu ya mbande zamitengo. Mpaka pano, mbande za hazel zilipo kale zogulitsidwa, zomwe ma truffle spores amamezanitsidwa. Wotola bowa amabzalidwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira.
Kukula ndi kukolola
Chisamaliro chachikulu pakukulitsa truffles ndikukonzekeretsa malowo kuti akule. Pansi payenera kukhala zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, komanso bowa zina. Muyeneranso kuyang'anitsitsa kuti palibe amene akupondaponda malowa. Kukolola koyamba kuyenera kuyembekezera zaka 5-7 mutabzala mbande. Kutalika kwa fruiting ndi zaka 25-30. Nthawi zambiri, matupi amtundu wa truffle amakhala mu zisa za zidutswa 3-7 palimodzi. Zikapsa, nthaka pamwamba pawo imakwezeka pang’ono, ndipo udzu umauma. Pakawoneka chizindikiro chotere, mutha kupita kumayambiriro kwa zokolola. Nthawi zambiri, ma truffles amacha m'dzinja ndipo amakololedwa nyengo yozizira isanakwane. Bowa uliwonse uyenera kukulungidwa mu zikopa ndikuyika mu mpunga wouma. Izi zimasunga chinyezi mu bowa. Muyeneranso kukana kuwayeretsa kwathunthu kuchokera pansi, chifukwa izi zidzawateteza ku kutaya kukoma ndi maonekedwe a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Bowa ayenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira.