maluwa a hippeastrum

Hippeastrum ndi chomera cha bulbous cha banja la Amaryllis. Pali mitundu 90 yamtunduwu, yonseyo imakhala kuthengo kumadera otentha ndi madera otentha a America, kuphatikiza nkhalango ya Amazon. 

Oimira amtunduwu adabwera ku Europe m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Ambiri a iwo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswana, kuwoloka wina ndi mzake, ndipo chifukwa chake, ma hippeastrums omwe timakula kunyumba adadziwika ndi botanist monga mitundu yosiyana - hybrid hippeastrum. 

Mitundu yosakanizidwa yoyamba inaonekera mu 1799. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 100, panali pafupifupi 1500. Ndipo pakadali pano, mitundu yopitilira 1 yamaluwa odabwitsawa idalembetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi (2) ndipo angapo mwa iwo amabadwira ku Dziko Lathu (XNUMX).

Zoyenera kukulitsa duwa la hippeastrum

Hippeastrum ndi chomera chosatha cha bulbous. Ndipo mosiyana ndi maluwa ena ambiri amkati, imakhala ndi nthawi yopuma. Kuzungulira kwa moyo wake kumawoneka motere:

• maluwa a hippeastrum (kuyambira pakuwonekera kwa muvi mpaka kufota kwa maluwa) - pafupifupi miyezi 1,5;
• hippeastrum imakula (panthawiyi ili ndi masamba okha) - pafupifupi miyezi 7,5 - 8,5;
• nthawi yopuma - 2 - 3 miyezi. 

Monga lamulo, nthawi yosalala ya hippeastrum imatha kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Januware, ndipo imamasula pakati pa dzinja. Koma ngati mungafune, masikuwa amatha kusinthidwa ndikusintha kuthirira ndi kutentha.

Kusamalira maluwa a Hippeastrum kunyumba

Kawirikawiri, kusamalira hippeastrum sikovuta, koma chifukwa cha dormancy ya zomera, ili ndi makhalidwe ake.

Ground

Hippeastrum imakonda nthaka yotayirira komanso yachonde. Zomwe zimapangidwira ndi kusakaniza mchenga wamtsinje ndi humus, masamba ndi nthaka ya soddy mu chiŵerengero cha 2: 1: 2: 2. 

"Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito dothi lopangidwa kale kuti mupange maluwa kuchokera kusitolo," akutero Katswiri wazachuma Svetlana Mikhailova, - koma khalidwe lawo nthawi zina limasiya kufunidwa, amapangidwa pamaziko a peat ndikuuma mofulumira kwambiri. Ndibwino kuti musakhale aulesi kwambiri ndikupanga nthaka yoyenera kusakaniza nokha.

Kuunikira

Hippeastrum imakonda kuwala kochuluka, koma iyenera kufalikira, ndiko kuti, mphika sungakhoze kuikidwa pansi pa dzuwa lotentha. Mukhoza, mwachitsanzo, kubisala kuseri kwa chomera china chachikulu chomwe chingapangitse mthunzi pang'ono. 

Malo abwino kwambiri m'nyumba ya hippeastrum ndi mazenera akuyang'ana kumwera, kumwera chakum'mawa kapena kumwera chakumadzulo.

Kuthirira

Ndi bwino kuthirira hippeastrum osati pamwamba pa mphika, monga zomera zina zambiri, koma kupyolera mu poto - kuti madzi asagwere mwachindunji pa babu, zomwe zidzachepetsa chiopsezo chowola. 

Ndipo pafupipafupi kuthirira zimadalira gawo la zomera. 

Pa nthawi ya maluwa. Hippeastrum imafunikira madzi ambiri panthawi yamaluwa - iyenera kuthiriridwa madzi ambiri, koma kuti nthaka pakati pa kuthirira ikhale ndi nthawi yowuma mpaka kuya kwa mphika. Ngati chinyontho chimalowa pansi, mizu imayamba kuvunda, kenako babu.

Pa kukula nyengo. Panthawiyi, hippeastrum ili ndi masamba okha, nthawiyo imakhala kuyambira February mpaka August-September. Iyenera kuthiriridwa moyenera nthawi yakukula - nthaka pakati pa kuthirira sayenera kuuma kwathunthu, komanso kukhala youma kwa masiku angapo. 

Mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, kuthirira kuyenera kuchepetsedwa pang'ono - kamodzi pa masabata awiri kapena atatu aliwonse adzakhala okwanira, chifukwa mbewuyo imayamba kukonzekera nthawi yopuma. 

Mukapitiriza kuthirira, hippeastrum sidzapumula - imakhalabe chaka chonse ndi masamba obiriwira. Koma sichidzaphuka. 

Pa nthawi ya kugona. Monga lamulo, mu Seputembala, masamba a hippeastrum amayamba kutembenukira chikasu, kenako amauma. Bulu limapumula ndipo likupumula, sikofunikira kulithirira. 

Sikoyenera kuchotsa babu mumphika chomeracho chitatha, koma ndi bwino kuchotsa mphika kumalo ozizira kumene kutentha sikudzapitirira 15 ° C. Mukhoza, mwachitsanzo, kuika pansi pa bedi. - mpweya womwe uli pansipa nthawi zambiri umakhala wozizira nthawi zonse. 

Komabe ndi bwino kusunga babu pamalo ozizira - pa kutentha kwa 5 - 10 ° C. Ndiko kuti, mufiriji. Koma pamenepa, muyenera kukumba kuti musakokere mphika wonse pamenepo.

feteleza

Mukabzala kapena kuyika hippeastrum, simuyenera kuwonjezera feteleza m'nthaka - ngati itakonzedwa bwino, imakhala ndi zakudya zokwanira kwa nthawi yoyamba. 

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala feteleza kale m'nthaka ya sitolo, kotero palibenso china chomwe chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa pano.

Kudyetsa

Zomera zambiri zimadyetsedwa mwanjira yomweyo - nayitrogeni yoyamba (panthawi yakukula mwachangu), kenako phosphorous ndi potaziyamu (panthawi yamaluwa). Koma mu hippeastrum, zosiyana ndizowona - zimayamba kuphuka, kenako zimamera masamba. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo la kudyetsa limasinthanso - choyamba amamupatsa phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, ndipo masamba akawoneka - nayitrogeni. 

- Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamchere wamchere pakuvala hippeastrum - superphosphate iwiri, potaziyamu sulphate ndi urea. Ndizotsika mtengo, koma kuzigwiritsa ntchito kudyetsa maluwa amkati ndizowopsa - zimakhala zovuta kuwerengera mlingo woyenera, ndipo popeza kuchuluka kwa mphika kumakhala kochepa, feteleza wowonjezera sangapite kulikonse ndipo akhoza kuwotcha mizu, akufotokoza. Agronomist Svetlana Mikhailova.

Choncho, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza zovuta zamadzimadzi pazomera zamaluwa - aliyense adzachita. Inde, ndi okwera mtengo, koma ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito - mumangofunika kusungunula kapu ya yankho mu mlingo woyenera wa madzi. 

Gippeastrum amapatsidwa kuvala koyamba pamene muvi wamaluwa ufika kutalika kwa 15 cm. Ndiyeno 2 milungu iliyonse mpaka pakati pa chirimwe. Pambuyo pake, kuvala pamwamba sikofunikira - chomeracho chiyenera kukonzekera nthawi yopuma.

Kubala maluwa a hippeastrum kunyumba

Hippeastrum imatha kufalitsidwa m'njira zitatu. 

Ana. Pa babu ya hippeastrum, pakapita nthawi, mababu aakazi amapangidwa, omwe amadziwika kuti ana. Chomwe chimafunika ndikulekanitsa mbewu poziika ndi kuzibzala mumiphika yosiyana. 

Mwa njira, ana ayenera kupatukana kwenikweni, chifukwa ngati alipo, babu nthawi zambiri saphuka. Kwa maluwa, iyenera kukhala mumphika wokha. 

Kugawanika kwa babu. Kugawanika kwa mababu kumachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi yopuma - mu November-December. Pulogalamuyi ndi iyi:

• gawo la dziko lapansi liyenera kuchotsedwa mumphika kuti 1/3 yokha ya babu ikhalebe m'nthaka (nthawi zambiri imakwiriridwa ndi 2/3); 
• ndi mpeni wakuthwa (chifukwa cha sterility ndizothandiza kupukuta ndi mowa kapena kuyatsa pamoto), kudula anyezi mu hafu kapena magawo 4, koma osati kwathunthu - kokha pa mlingo wa nthaka; 
• lowetsani skewers zamatabwa mopingasa m'mabala - ndikofunikira kuti mbali zogawanika za babu zisakhudze.

Komanso, babu wogawanika ayenera kusamalidwa, monga wamba wamkulu hippeastrum. Gawo lirilonse liri ndi rosette yake ya masamba. M'dzinja, chomeracho chidzapuma. Ndipo isanadzuke, ndiye kuti, mu Novembala-December (zidzachitika ndendende chaka chimodzi), babu iyenera kudulidwa mpaka kumapeto ndipo gawo lililonse liyenera kubzalidwa mumphika wosiyana. Mudzakhala ndi zomera zatsopano ziwiri kapena zinayi, ndipo mutagawanika, ana ayamba kupanga gawo lililonse (2). 

Mbewu. Iyi ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, koma kumbali ina, mutha kupeza zobzala zambiri kuposa kugawa mababu ndikubzala ana. 

Kuti njere zikhazikike, panthawi ya maluwa a chomera cha mayi, muyenera kusonkhanitsa mungu kuchokera ku stamens ndi swab ya thonje ndikusamutsira ku pistil. Popanda kulowetsedwa, mbewu sizimapangidwa. Ngati pali chomera chimodzi chokha, ndipo mwachipukuta ndi mungu wanu, ndiye kuti kumera kwa mbewu kudzakhala kochepa - mkati mwa 37%. Koma ngati muli ndi zomera ziwiri za zosiyanasiyana kunyumba, ndipo inu anatenga mungu kuchokera mmodzi ndi anasamutsa osati pistil wina, ndiye kumera mlingo adzakhala pamwamba 70% (3). Ngati munguza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hippeastrums, ndiye kuti anawo sasunga zizindikiro za makolo awo. Koma mitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri imatha kuwoneka, ndipo mutha kuberekanso mitundu yanu.

- Ndi bwino kubzala mbewu za hippeastrum mutangokolola, - amalimbikitsa Katswiri wazachuma Svetlana Mikhailova, - Pankhaniyi, kumera kwawo ndikokwanira. Akagona pansi ndi kuwuma, kumera kumachepa.

Bzalani mbewu mu muli akuya 1 masentimita ndi pa mtunda wa 2 cm kwa mzake, kapena nthawi yomweyo osiyana miphika 1 pc. Mbande iyenera kuthiriridwa pafupipafupi komanso mochuluka. Zitha kubzalidwa kuchokera m'chidebe pamene masamba apangidwa bwino.

Kuyika maluwa a Hippeastrum kunyumba

Hippeastrum imamera m'miphika yopapatiza, ndipo popeza babu imakula pang'onopang'ono, mbewuyo iyenera kubzalidwa kosaposa kamodzi pazaka 3 mpaka 4 zilizonse. 

Mphika watsopano uyenera kukhala wa m'mimba mwake kotero kuti pali kusiyana kwa 2 cm pakati pa babu ndi makoma. Ndi bwino kusankha miphika yochepa. M'pofunika kuyika ngalande yabwino - 2 - 3 cm, kuti madzi asasunthike pansi panthawi yothirira, ndipo nthaka isatembenuke.

M'pofunika kubzalanso hippeastrum ndi chibulumwa cha nthaka, kuyesera kuti musawononge mizu. Mukabzala, babu iyenera kukwera 1/3 pamwamba pa nthaka. 

Nthawi yabwino yobzala hippeastrum ndi nthawi yopumira kapena itatha maluwa.

Matenda a maluwa a hippeastrum

Kunyumba, hippeastrums amadwala kawirikawiri, koma zimachitikabe. Monga lamulo, amakhudzidwa ndi matenda atatu. 

Powdery mildew. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira - chophimba choyera chikuwonekera pamasamba, chofanana ndi nkhungu. 

Mankhwala a antifungal - Quadris, Privent, Strobi kapena Thiovit Jet adzakuthandizani kuthana ndi matendawa.

Zowola zofiira. Zimakhudza mababu - mawanga ovunda amawonekera pa iwo, mizu imayamba kuvunda, masamba amafota. 

Pankhaniyi, babu iyenera kukumbidwa, kudula ndi mpeni wakuthwa madera onse owola, zouma bwino, kenako ndikuthandizidwa ndi Fundazol. Pambuyo pake, babuyo iyenera kubzalidwa mumphika watsopano, kutsanulira dothi latsopano mmenemo, mutatha kuyika mu microwave kapena mu uvuni.

Kuwotcha kofiira. Zizindikiro za matenda a mafangasi ndi mawanga ofiira ndi madontho pamasamba ndi mababu. Matendawa akamakula, masamba amapunduka, peduncle imakhala yofooka ndikugwa. 

Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, kukonzekera kokhala ndi mkuwa - HOM kapena Amila-Peak - kumathandiza kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngati matendawa afalikira kwambiri, masamba a hippeastrum ayenera kudulidwa, babu ayenera kukumbidwa, malo omwe akhudzidwawo ayenera kudulidwa kuti akhale minofu yathanzi, ndipo malo odulidwawo ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi copper sulphate ndi choko. (1:20). Kenako babu iyenera kuwumitsidwa ndi mpweya kwa masiku 7 ndikubzalidwa mumphika watsopano wokhala ndi dothi labwino.

Mafunso ndi mayankho otchuka

Tinafunsa mafunso ambiri okhudza hippeastrums kwa woweta agronomist Svetlana Mikhailova.

Magwero a

1. Royal General Bulb Growers' Association (KAVB) https://www.kavb.nl/zoekresultaten
2. Reut AA Zotsatira zakusankhidwa kwa mbewu zokongola zosatha ku South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute // Kutoleredwa kwa mapepala asayansi a GNBS, voliyumu 147, 2018 

   https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/itogi-selektsii-dekorativnyh-mnogoletnih-kultur-v-yuzhno-uralskom-botanicheskom-sadu-institute/viewer

3. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment // Press Release, July 7.07.2007th, XNUMX

   Arkhipova MU Biological mbali za oimira banja Amaryllidaceae Jaume St.-Hil. m'malo otetezedwa // dissertation, 2013 

   https://www.dissercat.com/content/biologicheskie-osobennosti-predstavitelei-semeistva-amaryllidaceae-jaume-st-hil-v-usloviyakh