M’mbiri yonse ya moyo padziko lapansili, palibe amene anavutikapo ngati nyama. Zomwe zimachitika kwa ziweto zoweta m'mafamu a mafakitale mwina ndi upandu woipitsitsa m'mbiri. Njira ya kupita patsogolo kwa anthu yadzala ndi matupi a nyama zakufa.
Ngakhale makolo athu akutali ochokera ku Stone Age, omwe adakhala zaka makumi masauzande zapitazo, anali kale ndi vuto la masoka achilengedwe. Anthu oyambirira atafika ku Australia pafupifupi zaka 45 zapitazo, posakhalitsa anathamangitsa 000% ya mitundu ikuluikulu ya nyama zomwe zinkakhalamo mpaka kutha. Uku kunali kukhudzidwa koyamba komwe a Homo sapiens anali nako pachilengedwe padziko lapansi - osati komaliza.
Pafupifupi zaka 15 zapitazo, anthu adalamulira dziko la America, ndikuwononga pafupifupi 000% ya nyama zake zazikuluzikulu panthawiyi. Zamoyo zina zambiri zasowa ku Africa, Eurasia, ndi zilumba zambiri zozungulira magombe awo. Umboni wofukulidwa m’mabwinja wochokera m’mayiko onse umafotokoza nkhani yomvetsa chisoni yomweyi.
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi ili ngati tsoka muzithunzi zingapo. Imayamba ndi chithunzi chosonyeza kuchuluka kwa nyama zazikulu komanso zosiyanasiyana, zopanda mtundu wa Homo Sapiens. Pachiwonetsero chachiwiri, anthu akuwonekera, monga umboni wa mafupa osweka, mikondo ndi moto. Chochitika chachitatu chikutsatira nthawi yomweyo, pomwe anthu amakhala pachimake ndipo nyama zazikulu, limodzi ndi zing'onozing'ono zambiri, zasowa.
Ambiri, anthu anawononga pafupifupi 50% ya nyama zazikulu zonse zapamtunda padziko lapansi ngakhale asanabzale munda woyamba wa tirigu, adapanga chida choyamba chachitsulo cha ntchito, adalemba lemba loyamba ndikulemba ndalama yoyamba.
Chochitika chachikulu chotsatira pa ubale wa anthu ndi nyama chinali kusintha kwaulimi: njira yomwe tinasinthira kuchoka kwa alenje oyendayenda kukhala alimi okhala m'midzi yokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, padziko lapansi pano panapezeka zamoyo zatsopano: zoweta. Poyamba, izi zikhoza kuoneka ngati kusintha kwakung'ono, popeza anthu atha kukhala ndi mitundu yosachepera 20 ya zinyama ndi mbalame zomwe zimayamwitsa poyerekeza ndi zikwi zosawerengeka zomwe zatsalira "zamtchire". Komabe, m’kupita kwa zaka zambiri, moyo watsopano umenewu unayamba kufala kwambiri.
Masiku ano, zoposa 90% za nyama zazikulu zonse ndizoweta ("zazikulu" - ndiko kuti, nyama zolemera makilogalamu ochepa). Mwachitsanzo, tenga nkhuku. Zaka XNUMX zapitazo, inali mbalame yosowa kwambiri yomwe malo ake anali ang'onoang'ono ku South Asia. Masiku ano, pafupifupi kontinenti iliyonse ndi zilumba, kupatula ku Antarctica, zimakhala ndi nkhuku mabiliyoni ambiri. Nkhuku yoweta mwina ndiyo mbalame yodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi pano.
Ngati kupambana kwa mtundu wina kumayesedwa ndi chiwerengero cha anthu, nkhuku, ng'ombe ndi nkhumba akanakhala atsogoleri osatsutsika. Tsoka ilo, mitundu yoweta idalipira chifukwa cha kupambana kwawo komwe sikunachitikepo ndikuvutika komwe sikunachitikepo. Nyama zakhala zikukumana ndi zowawa ndi zowawa zamitundumitundu m’zaka mamiliyoni apitawa. Komabe kusintha kwaulimi kunayambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya masautso imene inangokulirakulirabe pamene nthaŵi inali kupita.
Poyamba, zingaoneke ngati nyama zoweta zimakhala bwino kwambiri kuposa achibale ndi makolo awo akutchire. Njati zakuthengo zimathera masiku awo kufunafuna chakudya, madzi ndi pogona, ndipo miyoyo yawo imakhala pachiwopsezo cha mikango, tizilombo toononga, kusefukira kwa madzi ndi chilala. Ziweto, m'malo mwake, zazunguliridwa ndi chisamaliro ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Anthu amapatsa ziweto chakudya, madzi ndi pogona, kuchiza matenda awo komanso kuziteteza ku zilombo komanso masoka achilengedwe.
N’zoona kuti ng’ombe ndi ana a ng’ombe ambiri amapita kopherako posakhalitsa. Koma kodi zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti tsoka lawo likhale loipa kwambiri kuposa la nyama zakutchire? Kodi kuli bwino kudyedwa ndi mkango kusiyana ndi kuphedwa ndi munthu? Kodi mano a ng'ona ndi abwino kuposa zitsulo?
Koma chimene chimapangitsa kukhalapo kwa nyama zapafamu zoweta kukhala zachisoni makamaka si mmene zimafa, koma, koposa zonse, mmene zimakhalira. Zifukwa ziŵiri zopikisana zaumba mikhalidwe ya moyo wa nyama zaulimi: kumbali ina, anthu amafuna nyama, mkaka, mazira, khungu, ndi mphamvu za nyama; kumbali ina, anthu ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti akukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kuberekana.
Mwachidziwitso, izi ziyenera kuteteza nyama ku nkhanza kwambiri. Mlimi akamakama ng’ombe popanda chakudya ndi madzi, mkaka umachepa ndipo ng’ombeyo imafa msanga. Koma, mwatsoka, anthu angayambitse kuvutika kwakukulu kwa ziweto m’njira zina, ngakhale kuonetsetsa kuti zikukhala ndi moyo ndi kuberekana.
Mzu wa vuto ndi wakuti nyama zoweta zatengera zosoŵa zambiri zakuthupi, zamaganizo ndi zachiyanjano kuchokera kwa makolo awo a kuthengo zimene sizingakwaniritsidwe m’mafamu. Kaŵirikaŵiri alimi amanyalanyaza zofunika izi: amatsekera nyama m’tikwere ting’onoting’ono, kudula nyanga ndi michira, ndi kulekanitsa amayi ndi ana. Nyama zimavutika kwambiri, koma zimakakamizika kupitiriza kukhala ndi moyo ndi kuberekana m'mikhalidwe yotereyi.
Koma kodi zosoŵa zosakhutiritsidwa zimenezi siziri zosemphana ndi mapulinsipulo ofunika koposa a chisinthiko cha Darwin? Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chimanena kuti chibadwa chonse ndi zikhumbo zinachita kusintha pofuna kukhala ndi moyo ndi kuberekana. Ngati zili choncho, kodi kuberekana kosalekeza kwa nyama zapafamu sikumasonyeza kuti zosoŵa zawo zonse zenizeni zimakwaniritsidwa? Kodi ng'ombe ingakhale bwanji ndi "chosowa" chomwe sichofunika kwenikweni kuti chikhale ndi moyo ndi kubereka?
Ndizowonadi kuti chibadwa chonse ndi zikhumbo zinasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi chisinthiko cha kupulumuka ndi kubereka. Komabe, kukakamiza kumeneku kukachotsedwa, chibadwa ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zapanga sizimatuluka nthawi yomweyo. Ngakhale ngati sathandiziranso kuti apulumuke ndi kubereka, amapitirizabe kupanga zochitika za nyama.
Zosoŵa zakuthupi, zamaganizo, ndi zachikhalidwe za ng’ombe zamakono, agalu, ndi anthu sizimasonyeza mkhalidwe wawo wamakono, koma m’malo mwake zitsenderezo zachisinthiko zimene makolo awo anayang’anizana nazo zaka zikwi makumi ambiri zapitazo. N’chifukwa chiyani anthu amakonda maswiti kwambiri? Osati chifukwa chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70 tiyenera kudya ayisikilimu ndi chokoleti kuti tipulumuke, koma chifukwa pamene makolo athu a Stone Age anakumana ndi zipatso zokoma, zakupsa, zinali zomveka kudya kwambiri momwe zingathere, mwamsanga. Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani achinyamata akuchita zinthu mosasamala, kumenyana ndi ziwawa komanso kubera zinthu zachinsinsi pa Intaneti? Chifukwa chakuti amamvera malamulo akale a majini. Zaka 000 zapitazo, mlenje wachinyamata yemwe adaika moyo wake pachiswe kuthamangitsa nyamayi amatha kupambana onse omwe amapikisana nawo ndikupeza kukongola kwapafupi - ndipo majini ake adaperekedwa kwa ife.
Ndendende malingaliro osinthika omwewo amasintha miyoyo ya ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe pamafamu athu afakitale. Makolo awo akale anali nyama zamagulu. Kuti apulumuke ndi kuberekana, ankafunika kulankhulana bwino, kugwirizana komanso kupikisana.
Mofanana ndi nyama zonse zoyamwitsa, ng’ombe zakuthengo zinapeza luso lofunikira pocheza ndi anthu poseŵera. Ana agalu, ana a mphaka, ana a ng’ombe ndi ana amakonda kuseŵera chifukwa chakuti chisinthiko chawachititsa kukhala ndi maganizo amenewa. Kuthengo, nyama zinkafunika kusewera—zikanapanda kutero, sizikanaphunzira luso lothandiza anthu kukhala ndi moyo komanso kuberekana. Mofananamo, chisinthiko chapangitsa ana agalu, ana amphaka, ana a ng’ombe, ndi ana chikhumbo chosaletseka cha kukhala pafupi ndi amayi awo.
Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani alimi akamachotsa mwana wa ng’ombe kwa mayi ake, n’kumuika m’kakola kakang’ono, kukatemera matenda osiyanasiyana, kum’patsa chakudya ndi madzi, ndiyeno mwana wa ng’ombeyo akasanduka ng’ombe yachikulire, amalowetsera ng’ombe mwachinyengo? Poona zolinga zake, ng’ombe imeneyi sifunikanso kugwirizana ndi mayi kapena mwamuna wake kuti ikhale ndi moyo ndi kuberekana. Anthu amasamalira zosowa zonse za nyama. Koma potengera maganizo ake, mwana wa ng’ombe akadali ndi chilakolako champhamvu chokhala ndi mayi ake komanso kusewera ndi ana a ng’ombe ena. Ngati zikhumbozi sizikukwaniritsidwa, mwana wa ng'ombe amavutika kwambiri.
Ili ndiye phunziro lofunikira la psychology yachisinthiko: chosowa chomwe chidapangidwa zaka masauzande apitawo chikupitilizabe kumveka, ngakhale sichikufunikanso kuti chikhalepo ndi kuberekana pakadali pano. Tsoka ilo, kusintha kwaulimi kwapatsa anthu mwayi woonetsetsa kuti nyama zoweta zikukhalabe ndi moyo, ndikunyalanyaza zosowa zawo. Chotsatira chake, nyama zoweta ndizo nyama zobereketsa bwino kwambiri, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, nyama zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri zomwe zakhalapo.
M’zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, pamene ulimi wamwambo walowa m’malo ku ulimi wa mafakitale, mkhalidwe wangoipiraipira. M'madera achikhalidwe monga Igupto wakale, Ufumu wa Roma, kapena China wakale, anthu anali ndi chidziwitso chochepa kwambiri cha biochemistry, majini, zoology, ndi miliri - chifukwa chake luso lawo lowongolera linali lochepa. M’midzi ya m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, nkhuku zinkathamanga momasuka m’mabwalo, n’kuthyola njere ndi nyongolotsi m’milu ya zinyalala, ndi kumanga zisa m’nkhokwe. Ngati mlimi wofuna kutchuka atayesa kutsekera nkhuku 1000 m’khola lodzaza nkhuku, mliri wakupha wa chimfine cha mbalame ukhoza kuyambika, kupha nkhuku zonse, limodzinso ndi anthu ambiri a m’mudzimo. Palibe wansembe, asing'anga kapena sing'anga akadaletsa izi. Koma sayansi yamakono itangozindikira zinsinsi za zamoyo za mbalame, mavairasi ndi maantibayotiki, anthu anayamba kuwonetsa nyama kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi katemera, mankhwala, mahomoni, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makina otenthetsera mpweya wapakati ndi zodyetsera zokha, tsopano ndi kotheka kutsekera nkhuku masauzande ambiri m’makola ankhuku ang’onoang’ono ndi kupanga nyama ndi mazira mogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.
Tsogolo la nyama m'mafakitale oterolo lakhala limodzi mwamakhalidwe ofunikira kwambiri masiku ano. Pakali pano, nyama zazikulu zambiri zimakhala m'minda ya mafakitale. Timalingalira kuti dziko lathu lapansi limakhala makamaka ndi mikango, njovu, anamgumi ndi ma penguin ndi nyama zina zachilendo. Zingawoneke choncho mutaonera mafilimu a National Geographic, Disney ndi nkhani za ana, koma zenizeni sizili choncho. Pali mikango 40 ndi nkhumba zoweta za 000 biliyoni padziko lapansi; njovu 1 ndi ng’ombe zoweta mabiliyoni 500; 000 miliyoni a pengwini ndi nkhuku 1,5 biliyoni.
Ndicho chifukwa chake funso lalikulu la makhalidwe abwino ndilo mikhalidwe ya kukhalapo kwa nyama zaulimi. Zimakhudza zolengedwa zazikulu zapadziko lapansi: makumi mabiliyoni a zamoyo, chilichonse chili ndi dziko lamkati lamkati la zomverera ndi malingaliro, koma zomwe zimakhala ndi kufa pamzere wopanga mafakitale.
Sayansi ya zinyama inathandiza kwambiri pa tsokali. Gulu la asayansi likugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chawo chokulirapo cha nyama makamaka kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino miyoyo yawo pothandiza anthu. Komabe, zimadziwikanso kuchokera ku maphunziro omwewa kuti nyama zaulimi ndi zolengedwa zomvera zomwe zimakhala ndi maubwenzi ovuta komanso machitidwe ovuta amalingaliro. Iwo sangakhale anzeru monga ife, koma amadziŵadi ululu, mantha ndi kusungulumwa. Nawonso amavutika, ndipo nawonso angakhale osangalala.
Yakwana nthawi yolingalira mozama za izi. Mphamvu zaumunthu zikupitiriza kukula, ndipo mphamvu zathu zovulaza kapena kupindulitsa nyama zina zimakula nazo. Kwa zaka 4 biliyoni, zamoyo Padziko Lapansi zakhala zikulamulidwa ndi kusankha kwachilengedwe. Tsopano ikulamulidwa kwambiri ndi zolinga za munthu. Koma tisaiwale kuti pokonza dziko lapansi, tiyenera kuganizira za moyo wabwino wa zamoyo zonse, osati Homo sapiens okha.