Zisumbu za Langerhans ndi ma cell a kapamba omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'thupi. Amakhala ndi maselo a beta omwe amatulutsa insulini, timadzi timene timayendetsa shuga m'magazi. Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba, maselowa ndi omwe amawonongeka. Chifukwa chake, zisumbu za Langerhans zili pakatikati pa kafukufuku wazachipatala.

Zisumbu za Langerhans (zotchedwa Paul Langherans, 1847-1888, German anatomo-pathologist ndi biologist) ndi maselo a kapamba, omwe ali ndi pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Amapangidwa ndi ma cell omwe ali m'magulumagulu - chifukwa chake mawu akuti islets - amafalitsidwa mu minofu ya exocrine (minofu yomwe imatulutsidwa kunja kwa magazi) ya kapamba, yomwe imatulutsa michere yofunika kuti igayidwe. Magulu ang'onoang'ono awa a cell amapanga 1 mpaka 2% yokha ya cell ya kapamba, koma amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'thupi.

Zisumbu za Langerhans ndi maselo a endocrine. Amatulutsa mahomoni osiyanasiyana: makamaka insulini, komanso glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin.

Ndi ma cell a beta kapena ma cell a β a zisumbu za Langerhans omwe amapanga insulin, mahomoni omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'thupi. Ntchito yake ndikusunga mulingo wa shuga (glycemia) m'magazi. Glucose uyu amagwira ntchito ngati gwero la mphamvu - mwachidule, "mafuta" - kwa thupi, ndipo kuchuluka kwake m'magazi sikuyenera kukhala kotsika kapena kutsika kwambiri kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito bwino. Ndilo gawo la insulin yolinganiza shuga m'magazi pothandizira thupi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi / kapena kusunga shuga kutengera kuchuluka kapena kusakwanira.

Maselo amatulutsa glucagon, timadzi timene timawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ngati shuga wachepa. Kumachititsa kuti chiwindi ndi minyewa ina ya m’thupi itulutse shuga wosungidwa m’mwazi.

Matenda a shuga a 1

Matenda a shuga a Type 1 kapena omwe amadalira insulin amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kosasinthika kwa maselo a beta a zisumbu za Langerhans chifukwa cha autoimmune process ya majini. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumabweretsa kusowa kwathunthu kwa insulin, chifukwa chake, chiwopsezo cha hyperglycemia chakudya chikatengedwa, ndiye kuti hypoglycemia pakati pa chakudya, mukasala kudya kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Munthawi ya hypoglycemia, ziwalo zimasowa gawo lamphamvu. Ngati sichimayendetsedwa, ndiye kuti matenda a shuga angayambitse aimpso, mtima, mitsempha, gastroenterological ndi ophthalmological pathologies.

Chotupa cha Neuroendocrine cha kapamba

Ndi mtundu wachilendo wa khansa ya kapamba. Ndi chotupa chotchedwa neuroendocrine chotupa (NET) chifukwa chimayambira m'maselo a neuroendocrine system. Kenako timalankhula za NET ya kapamba, kapena TNEp. Itha kukhala yosabisa kapena kubisa (yogwira ntchito). Pomalizira pake, ndiye kuti zimayambitsa kutulutsa kwambiri kwa mahomoni.

Matenda a shuga a 1

Kuchiza kwa insulin kumalipira kusowa kwa insulin. Wodwalayo amabaya insulini kangapo patsiku. Mankhwalawa ayenera kutsatiridwa kwa moyo wonse.

Kuonjezera nthata zidapangidwa mu 90s. Nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi kuyika kwa impso, zimasungidwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri 1. Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino, kupatsirana kwa kapamba sikunakhale njira yochizira matenda a shuga amtundu wa 1, makamaka chifukwa chazovuta za njirayi komanso chithandizo chothandizira chitetezo chamthupi.

Kulumikiza kwa zisumbu za Langerhans ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zikuyembekezeka pakuwongolera matenda amtundu woyamba. Zimaphatikizapo kuyika maselo othandiza okha, pamenepa zisumbu za Langerhans. Kutengedwa kuchokera ku kapamba wa wopereka wakufa muubongo, zisumbuzo zimadzipatula kenako ndi kubayidwa kudzera mumtsempha wolowera pachiwindi cha wodwalayo. Chimodzi mwazovuta zagona pa njira yopatulira zisumbuzi. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuchotsa timagulu tating'ono tating'ono ta maselo kuchokera ku kapamba popanda kuwawononga. Kuyika koyamba kunachitika ku Paris m'ma 1s. Mu 80, gulu la Edmonton lidapeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa insulin mwa odwala 2000 otsatizana omwe adawaika ndi zisumbu. Ntchito ikupitilira padziko lonse lapansi. Ku France, kuyesa kwachipatala kosiyanasiyana kudayamba mu 7 m'zipatala zinayi zazikulu zaku Paris zomwe zidalumikizana mkati mwa gulu la "Ile-de-France pakusintha kwa zisumbu za Langerhans" (GRIIF). Zotsatira zake ndi zabwino: pambuyo pa kumuika, theka la odwala amasiya kuyamwa insulin, pomwe theka lina limakwaniritsa bwino glycemic control, kuchepa kwa hypoglycemia ndi insulin.

Pamodzi ndi ntchitoyi pa zoikamo, kafukufuku akupitiriza kumvetsetsa kukula ndi ntchito ya maselowa, komanso genesis ndi chitukuko cha matendawa. Matenda a ma cell a beta ndi kachilombo ka herpes (omwe atha kukhala ndi vuto la matenda a shuga amtundu wa anthu aku Africa), njira zakukula ndi kukhwima kwa maselo a beta, mphamvu ya majini ena omwe amayamba chifukwa cha matendawa. gawo la njira zofufuzira zamakono. Lingaliro ndikuzindikira zomwe zimayambitsa kuyambika kwa T lymphocyte motsutsana ndi maselo a beta, kupeza mayankho oletsa kuyankha kwa autoimmune, kukonzanso ma islets a Langerhans, ndi zina zambiri.

Chotupa cha Neuroendocrine cha kapamba

Kasamalidwe zimatengera mtundu wa chotupacho ndipo zimatengera nkhwangwa zosiyanasiyana:

• opaleshoni
• mankhwala amphamvu
• mankhwala a antisecretory kuti achepetse kutulutsa kwa mahomoni kuchokera ku chotupacho

Matenda a shuga a 1

Type 1 shuga mellitus ndi matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha autoimmune: ma T lymphocyte amayamba kuzindikira mamolekyu omwe amapezeka m'maselo a beta ngati mankhwala opatsirana kuti achotsedwe. Komabe, zizindikiro zimawonekera miyezi ingapo kapena zaka zambiri izi zitayamba. Izi ndizochitika za hypoglycemia ndi / kapena kuwonda kwakukulu ngakhale amalakalaka kudya, kukodza pafupipafupi komanso kochuluka, ludzu losazolowereka, kutopa kwambiri. Matendawa amapangidwa pozindikira ma autoantibodies m'magazi.

Chotupa cha Neuroendocrine

Zotupa za Neuroendocrine zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa zizindikiro zawo.

Ngati ndi chotupa chogwira ntchito cha neuroendocrine cha kapamba, chingayambitse kupanga kwambiri kwa insulin. Maonekedwe kapena kuipiraipira kwa matenda a shuga omwe sadalira insulini ayeneranso kufufuzidwa mwa amuna opitilira zaka 40 omwe alibe mbiri ya matenda a shuga.

Kuwunika kwa anatomopathological kwa chotupacho kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kufotokoza chikhalidwe chake (chotupa chosiyana kapena chosiyana) ndi kalasi yake. Kuwunika kokwanira kwa kufalikira kwa matendawa pofunafuna metastases kumachitikanso.