Mitundu yobereka bowa
Pali mitundu itatu ya kubereka kwa mafangasi - vegetative, asexual ndi kugonana. Nthawi zambiri iwo m'malo wina ndi mzake mu ndondomeko ya kukula ndi chitukuko cha bowa.
Kuberekana kwamasamba kwa bowa kumachitika pochotsa mbali za mycelium, komanso masamba, chlamydospores, arthrospores, ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Kupatula mbali zina za mycelium ndiyo njira yayikulu yofalitsira bowa. Mycelium imatha kupanga gawo lililonse la mycelium yakale yomwe ili ndi cell yokhoza. Oyenera kubereka alinso madera omwe si ma cell mycelium. Njira yoberekera imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito polima bowa wodyedwa wapakhomo.
Budding ndi njira yofalitsira vegetative bowa. Amapezeka mu bowa wokhala ndi thallus ngati yisiti. Panthawi imeneyi, selo la mwana wamkazi limadzilekanitsa ndi selo la mayi mothandizidwa ndi septum ndiyeno limagwira ntchito ngati chamoyo chokhala ndi selo limodzi. Tikumbukenso kuti yisiti selo sangathe Mphukira mpaka kalekale. Chiwerengero cha magawano angwiro chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi mphete za chitinous, zomwe zimawoneka pa malo a kupatukana kwa impso. Maselo akale a yisiti ndi aakulu kuposa ana, koma chiwerengero chawo ndi chochepa.
Artrospores ndi maselo apadera a vegetative kufalitsa bowa, dzina lawo lina ndi oidia. Zimabwera chifukwa cha kugawanika kwa hyphae, kuyambira pa nsonga, kupita kuzinthu zambiri, pambuyo pake adzapatsa moyo kwa mycelium yatsopano. Oidia ali ndi chipolopolo chopyapyala komanso moyo wautali. Amapezekanso mu mitundu ina ya bowa.
Zamtengo wapatali ndi zamtundu wa oidia, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chipolopolo chomwe chimakhala chokulirapo komanso chakuda, komanso chimakhala nthawi yayitali. Zamtengo wapatali zimapezeka mu marsupials, komanso smuts ndi zofooka.
Chlamydospores ndiyofunikira pakufalikira kwa bowa. Amakhala ndi zipolopolo zowirira zamtundu wakuda ndipo amalolera mikhalidwe yovuta. Iwo amawuka mwa compaction ndi kulekana kwa nkhani za munthu mycelium maselo, amene pa ndondomekoyi yokutidwa ndi wandiweyani wakuda chipolopolo. Chlamydospores olekanitsidwa ndi maselo a hyphae amayi amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali pansi pazovuta zilizonse. Akayamba kumera, ziwalo za sporulation kapena mycelium zimawonekera mwa iwo. Chlamydospores amapezeka mu basidiomycetes ambiri, deuteromycetes, ndi oomycetes.
Kubereka kwa Asexual kumatenga gawo lofunikira pakugawa kwa bowa m'chilengedwe ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za zamoyozi. Kubala kwamtunduwu kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi spores, zomwe zimapangidwa popanda umuna pa ziwalo zapadera. Ziwalo izi zimasiyana mawonekedwe ndi katundu kuchokera vegetative hyphae wa mycelium. Ndi njira yamkati yopangira spore, mitundu iwiri ya ziwalo zoberekera zimasiyanitsidwa - zomwe ndi zoosporangia ndi sporangia. Conidia imachitika mosiyanasiyana.
Bongas spores ndizomwe zimakhudzidwa pakubereka. Ntchito yayikulu ya spores ndikupanga anthu atsopano amtundu wina, komanso kukhazikika kwawo m'malo atsopano. Iwo amasiyana chiyambi, mbali ndi njira kuthetsa. Nthawi zambiri amatetezedwa ndi mchira wandiweyani woteteza wa zigawo zambiri kapena alibe khoma la cell, amatha kukhala ndi ma cell angapo, amanyamulidwa ndi mphepo, mvula, nyama, kapena kusuntha mopanda kugwiritsa ntchito flagella.
Zoospores ndi mawonekedwe osagonana a bowa. Ndizigawo zopanda kanthu za protoplasm zomwe zilibe chipolopolo, zimakhala ndi nuclei imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zili ndi flagella imodzi kapena zingapo. Ma flagella awa ali ndi mawonekedwe amkati mwa kuchuluka kwa ma eukaryotes. Amafunikira kuti athetse bowa, amakhala ndi michere yocheperako ndipo sangathe kukhalabe ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali. Zimachitika endogenously mu zoosporangia. Malo otchedwa Zoospores amagwira ntchito yobereka bowa wochepa, omwe makamaka amakhala m'madzi, koma zoosporangia amapezekanso m'mafawa ambiri a padziko lapansi omwe amakhala pa zomera zapamtunda.
Zoosporangium ndi chiwalo chokhala ndi spore chomwe chimatulutsa tinjere tambiri tomwe timabalana tambirimbiri tomwe timakhala ndi flagella. Mitundu imeneyi imatchedwa zoospores. Monga lamulo, zoosporangia zimatuluka mwachindunji pa vegetative hyphae, popanda sporangiophores apadera.
Sporangiospores (aplanospores) ndi mawonekedwe a kubereka kwa bowa. Sasuntha, alibe ziwalo zoyenda, pali chipolopolo. Amafunikira kuti athetse bowa, amakhala ndi michere yocheperako ndipo sangathe kukhalabe ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali. Iwo amatuluka endogenous mkati sporogenous ziwalo (sporangia). Spores amatuluka mu sporangium kudzera m'mitsempha ya chipolopolo (pores) kapena pamene kukhulupirika kwake kwaphwanyidwa. Endogenous sporulation imapezeka mu mafangasi akale kwambiri. Sporangiospores amaberekana mwachisawawa mu Zygomycetes.
Sporangium - ili ndi dzina la chiwalo chokhala ndi spore, chomwe mkati mwake timatulutsa ma spores osasunthika omwe amaberekana ndi chipolopolo ndikukula. Mu mafangasi ambiri, sporangium imapangidwa kuchokera ku kutupa kwa hyphal apex itatha kupatukana ndi kholo la hypha ndi septa. Popanga spore, sporangium protoplast imagawika kambirimbiri, kupanga masiponji masauzande ambiri. M'mitundu yambiri ya mafangasi, hyphae yokhala ndi sporangial imakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi vegetative hyphae. Pankhaniyi, amatchedwa sporangiophores.
Sporangiophores ndi hyphae yobala zipatso yomwe imatulutsa sporangia.
Conidia ndi spores za kubereka kwa asexual zomwe zimapangika molunjika pamwamba pa chiwalo chokhala ndi spore chotchedwa conidiophore, chomwe chimayimira zigawo zapadera za mycelium. Conidia wamba amapezeka mu marsupials, basidiomycetes, ndi bowa wa anamorphic. Bowa wopanda ungwiro (deuteromycetes) amatha kuberekana kokha ndi conidia. Njira zopangira conidia, mawonekedwe awo, mayanjano ndi ma placements ndizosiyana kwambiri. Conidia akhoza kukhala unicellular ndi multicellular, akalumikidzidwa zosiyanasiyana. Mlingo wa utoto wawo umasiyananso - kuchokera pakuwonekera mpaka golide, utsi, imvi, azitona, pinki. Kutulutsidwa kwa conidia nthawi zambiri kumachitika mosasamala, koma nthawi zina kukana kwawo kumawonedwa.