Mitundu yayikulu ya psychotherapy

Ndi njira iti ya psychotherapy yomwe mungasankhe? Kodi amasiyana bwanji ndipo chabwino ndi chiyani? Mafunsowa amafunsidwa ndi munthu aliyense amene wasankha kupita ndi mavuto awo kwa katswiri. Tapanga kalozera kakang'ono komwe kangakuthandizeni kudziwa mitundu yayikulu ya psychotherapy.

Kusanthula Maganizo

Woyambitsa: Sigmund Freud, Austria (1856-1939)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Dongosolo la njira zomwe mungadziwire mu chikomokere, phunzirani kuti muthandize munthu kumvetsetsa chifukwa cha mikangano yamkati yomwe idachitika chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika paubwana, ndikumupulumutsa ku zovuta zama neurotic.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Chinthu chachikulu mu ndondomeko ya psychotherapeutic ndi kusinthika kwa chidziwitso kukhala chidziwitso kudzera mu njira za chiyanjano chaufulu, kutanthauzira maloto, kusanthula zochita zolakwika ... Pakati pa gawoli, wodwalayo amagona pabedi, akunena zonse zomwe zimabwera. maganizo, ngakhale zinthu zooneka ngati zopanda pake, zopusa, zopweteka, zosayenera . Katswiri (atakhala pampando, wodwalayo samamuwona), kutanthauzira tanthauzo lobisika la mawu, zochita, maloto ndi zongopeka, amayesa kumasula tangle ya mayanjano omasuka kufunafuna vuto lalikulu. Iyi ndi njira yayitali komanso yokhazikika ya psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis imachitika 3-5 pa sabata kwa zaka 3-6.

Za izi: Z. Freud "Psychopathology ya moyo watsiku ndi tsiku"; "Chiyambi cha Psychoanalysis" (Peter, 2005, 2004); "Anthology of Contemporary Psychoanalysis". Mkonzi. A. Zhibo ndi A. Rossokhina (St. Petersburg, 2005).

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Analytical psychology

Woyambitsa: Carl Jung, Switzerland (1875-1961)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Njira yokhazikika yokhudzana ndi psychotherapy ndi kudzidziwitsa nokha kutengera kuphunzira kwa zovuta zosadziwika bwino ndi ma archetypes. Kusanthula kumasula mphamvu yofunikira ya munthu ku mphamvu ya zovuta, kuwongolera kuti igonjetse mavuto amisala ndikukulitsa umunthu.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Katswiriyu amakambirana ndi wodwalayo zomwe akumana nazo m'chinenero cha zithunzi, zizindikiro ndi mafanizo. Njira zolingalira zogwira ntchito, kuyanjana kwaufulu ndi kujambula, kusanthula kwa psychotherapy kwa mchenga kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Misonkhano imachitika 1-3 pa sabata kwa zaka 1-3.

Za izi: K. Jung "Memories, dreams, reflections" (Air Land, 1994); The Cambridge Guide to Analytical Psychology (Dobrosvet, 2000).

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Psychodrama

Woyambitsa: Jacob Moreno, Romania (1889-1974)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Kuphunzira za zochitika za moyo ndi mikangano muzochitika, mothandizidwa ndi njira zochitira. Cholinga cha psychodrama ndi kuphunzitsa munthu kuthetsa mavuto ake posewera malingaliro awo, mikangano ndi mantha.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? M'malo ochiritsira otetezeka, zochitika zazikulu pamoyo wamunthu zimaseweredwa mothandizidwa ndi psychotherapist ndi mamembala ena amgulu. Masewera amasewera amakulolani kuti mumve kukhudzidwa, kulimbana ndi mikangano yayikulu, kuchita zinthu zomwe sizingatheke m'moyo weniweni. M'mbiri, psychodrama ndi mtundu woyamba wa psychotherapy yamagulu. Kutalika - kuyambira gawo limodzi mpaka zaka 2-3 zamisonkhano yamlungu ndi mlungu. Nthawi yoyenera ya msonkhano umodzi ndi maola 2,5.

Za izi: "Psychodrama: Kudzoza ndi Njira". Mkonzi. P. Holmes ndi M. Karp (Klass, 2000); P. Kellerman "Psychodrama pafupi. Kusanthula kwa njira zochiritsira ”(Klass, 1998).

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Gestalt mankhwala

Woyambitsa: Fritz Perls, Germany (1893-1970)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Kuphunzira kwa munthu monga dongosolo lophatikizika, mawonetseredwe ake amthupi, malingaliro, chikhalidwe ndi uzimu. Thandizo la Gestalt limathandizira kudziwonera nokha (gestalt) ndikuyamba kukhala osati m'dziko lakale ndi zongopeka, koma "pano ndi pano".

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Ndi chithandizo cha wothandizira, wothandizira amagwira ntchito ndi zomwe zikuchitika ndikumva tsopano. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, amakhala ndi mikangano yake yamkati, amasanthula momwe akumvera komanso momwe akumvera, amaphunzira kuzindikira "chilankhulo cha thupi", kumveka kwa mawu ake komanso kusuntha kwa manja ndi maso ake ... wake "Ine", amaphunzira kukhala ndi udindo pamalingaliro ndi zochita zake . Njirayi imaphatikiza zinthu za psychoanalytic (kumasulira malingaliro osazindikira kukhala chidziwitso) ndi njira yaumunthu (kugogomezera "mgwirizano ndi wekha"). Kutalika kwa chithandizo ndi miyezi 6 yamisonkhano yamlungu ndi mlungu.

Za izi: F. Perls "The Practice of Gestalt Therapy", "Ego, Hunger and Aggression" (IOI, 1993, Meaning, 2005); S. Ginger "Gestalt: Art of Contact" (Per Se, 2002).

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Existential Analysis

Oyambitsa: Ludwig Binswanger, Switzerland (1881-1966), Viktor Frankl, Austria (1905-1997), Alfried Lenglet, Austria (b. 1951)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Malangizo a Psychotherapeutic, omwe amachokera ku malingaliro a filosofi ya kukhalapo. Lingaliro lake loyambirira ndi "kukhalapo", kapena "weniweni", moyo wabwino. Moyo umene munthu amalimbana nawo ndi zovuta, amazindikira malingaliro ake, omwe amakhala momasuka ndi odalirika, momwe amaonera tanthauzo.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? The existential Therapist samangogwiritsa ntchito njira. Ntchito yake ndi kukambirana momasuka ndi kasitomala. Njira yolankhulirana, kuya kwa mitu ndi nkhani zomwe zimakambidwa zimasiya munthu kumverera kuti akumveka - osati mwaukadaulo, komanso mwaumunthu. Panthawi ya chithandizo, wodwalayo amaphunzira kudzifunsa mafunso omveka bwino, kumvetsera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti agwirizane ndi moyo wake, ngakhale zitavuta bwanji. Kutalika kwa chithandizo kumayambira 3-6 mpaka zaka zingapo.

Za izi: A. Langle "Moyo Wodzaza ndi Tanthauzo" (Genesis, 2003); V. Frankl “Munthu pofunafuna tanthauzo” (Progress, 1990); I. Yalom "Existential Psychotherapy" (Klass, 1999).

  • Irvin Yalom: "Ntchito yanga yayikulu ndikuuza ena kuti chithandizo ndi chiyani komanso chifukwa chake chimagwira ntchito"
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Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)

Oyambitsa: Richard Bandler USA (b. 1940), John Grinder USA (b. 1949)

Ichi ndi chiyani? NLP ndi njira yolankhulirana yomwe cholinga chake ndikusintha machitidwe amachitidwe, kukhala ndi chidaliro m'moyo, ndikukulitsa luso.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Njira ya NLP sichita ndi zomwe zili, koma ndi ndondomeko. M'kati mwa maphunziro a gulu kapena munthu payekha pamakhalidwe, wofuna chithandizo amasanthula zomwe wakumana nazo ndikuwonetsa kulumikizana kothandiza pang'onopang'ono. Maphunziro - kuyambira masabata angapo mpaka zaka 2.

Za izi: R. Bandler, D. Grinder “Kuchokera achule kupita kwa akalonga. Maphunziro Oyambira a NLP (Flinta, 2000).

  • John Grinder: "Kulankhula nthawi zonse ndikosokoneza"
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Family Psychotherapy

Oyambitsa: Mara Selvini Palazzoli Italy (1916-1999), Murray Bowen USA (1913-1990), Virginia Satir USA (1916-1988), Carl Whitaker USA (1912-1995)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Thandizo lamakono la mabanja limaphatikizapo njira zingapo; zofala kwa onse - ntchito osati ndi munthu mmodzi, koma ndi banja lonse. Zochita ndi zolinga za anthu mu mankhwalawa sizikuwoneka ngati mawonetseredwe aumwini, koma monga chotsatira cha malamulo ndi malamulo a m'banja.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pakati pawo genogram - "chithunzi" cha banja chochokera ku mawu a makasitomala, kusonyeza kubadwa, imfa, maukwati ndi kusudzulana kwa mamembala ake. M’kati mwa kachitidwe kameneka, kaŵirikaŵiri magwero a mavuto amazindikiridwa, kukakamiza a m’banja kukhala ndi mkhalidwe wakutiwakuti. Nthawi zambiri misonkhano ya othandizira mabanja ndi makasitomala imachitika kamodzi pa sabata ndipo imatha miyezi ingapo.

Za izi: K. Whitaker "Midnight Reflections of a Family Therapist" (Klass, 1998); M. Bowen "Chiphunzitso cha machitidwe a banja" (Cogito-Center, 2005); A. Varga "Systemic Family Psychotherapy" (Speech, 2001).

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Client Centered Therapy

Woyambitsa: Carl Rogers, USA (1902-1987)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Dongosolo lodziwika bwino la ntchito ya psychotherapeutic padziko lapansi (pambuyo pa psychoanalysis). Zimachokera ku chikhulupiliro chakuti munthu, kupempha thandizo, amatha kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa yekha ndikupeza njira yothetsera mavuto ake - kuthandizira kokha kwa psychotherapist kumafunika. Dzina la njirayo likugogomezera kuti ndi kasitomala amene amapanga kusintha kotsogolera.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Mankhwalawa amatenga mawonekedwe a zokambirana zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pakati pa kasitomala ndi wothandizira. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri m'menemo ndi chikhalidwe chamaganizo cha kukhulupirirana, ulemu ndi kumvetsetsa kosatsutsika. Zimalola wofuna chithandizo kumva kuti akuvomerezedwa monga momwe alili; akhoza kulankhula chilichonse popanda kuopa chiweruzo kapena kutsutsidwa. Popeza kuti munthuyo amasankha yekha ngati wakwaniritsa zolinga zomwe akufuna, chithandizocho chikhoza kuyimitsidwa nthawi iliyonse kapena chisankho chingapitirire. Kusintha kwabwino kumachitika kale m'magawo oyamba, zozama zimatheka pambuyo pa misonkhano 10-15.

Za izi: K. Rogers “Chithandizo chokhudza kasitomala. Malingaliro, machitidwe amakono ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ”(Eksmo-press, 2002).

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Erickson hypnosis

Woyambitsa: Milton Erickson, USA (1901-1980)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Ericksonian hypnosis imagwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kwa munthu kuganiza modzidzimutsa - mkhalidwe wa psyche momwe umakhala wotseguka komanso wokonzekera kusintha kwabwino. Izi ndi "zofewa", zopanda malangizo hypnosis, momwe munthuyo amakhalabe maso.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? The psychotherapist sagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro achindunji, koma amagwiritsa ntchito mafanizo, mafanizo, nthano - ndipo chikomokere chokha chimapeza njira yolondola. Zotsatira zimatha kubwera pambuyo pa gawo loyamba, nthawi zina zimatenga miyezi ingapo ya ntchito.

Za izi: M. Erickson, E. Rossi "The Man from February" (Klass, 1995).

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Kusanthula kwamalonda

Woyambitsa: Eric Bern, Canada (1910-1970)

Ichi ndi chiyani? A psychotherapeutic malangizo zochokera chiphunzitso cha mayiko atatu athu "Ine" - ana, wamkulu ndi makolo, komanso chikoka cha dziko mosadziwa anasankhidwa ndi munthu pa kucheza ndi anthu ena. Cholinga cha chithandizo ndi chakuti wofuna chithandizo adziwe mfundo za khalidwe lake ndikuzitenga pansi pa ulamuliro wake wamkulu.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Wothandizira amathandiza kudziwa kuti ndi mbali iti ya "Ine" yathu yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi zochitika zinazake, komanso kumvetsetsa zomwe sitikudziwa za moyo wathu. Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi stereotypes kusintha khalidwe. Chithandizochi chimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu za psychodrama, sewero, kutengera mabanja. Thandizo lamtunduwu limagwira ntchito pamagulu; nthawi yake zimadalira chikhumbo cha kasitomala.

Za izi: E. Bern "Masewera omwe anthu amasewera ...", "Mumati chiyani mutanena" moni "(FAIR, 2001; Ripol classic, 2004).

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Body Oriented Therapy

Oyambitsa: Wilhelm Reich, Austria (1897-1957); Alexander Lowen, USA (b. 1910)

Ichi ndi chiyani? Njirayi imachokera pakugwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi apadera ophatikizana ndi kusanthula kwamaganizo kwa kumverera kwa thupi ndi zochitika zamaganizo za munthu. Zimachokera ku udindo wa W. Reich kuti zochitika zonse zowawa zakale zimakhalabe m'thupi mwathu monga "zolimbitsa minofu".

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? The mavuto odwala amaganiziridwa mogwirizana ndi peculiarities ntchito ya thupi lawo. Ntchito ya munthu wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikumvetsetsa thupi lake, kuzindikira mawonetseredwe a thupi la zosowa zake, zokhumba zake, malingaliro ake. Chidziwitso ndi ntchito ya thupi zimasintha machitidwe a moyo, kupereka kumverera kwa chidzalo cha moyo. Maphunziro amachitika payekha komanso pagulu.

Za izi: A. Lowen "Mphamvu Zathupi za Makhalidwe a Makhalidwe" (PANI, 1996); M. Sandomiersky "Psychosomatics and Body Psychotherapy" (Klass, 2005).

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Siyani Mumakonda