Aliyense wa ife kamodzi adakumana ndi vuto lodzidzimutsa: zowona zonse zodziwika, monga zidutswa zazithunzi, zimaphatikiza chithunzi chachikulu chomwe sitinachizindikire. Dziko siliri momwe timaganizira. Ndipo munthu wapafupi ndi wachinyengo. N’cifukwa ciani sitiona zinthu zodziŵika bwino n’kukhulupilila zimene tikufuna kukhulupirira?
Zidziwitso zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zopezedwa zosasangalatsa: kuperekedwa kwa wokondedwa, kuperekedwa kwa bwenzi, chinyengo cha wokondedwa. Timadutsa pazithunzi zakale mobwerezabwereza ndipo timadabwa - zonse zinali pamaso pathu, chifukwa chiyani sindinazindikire kalikonse? Timadziimba mlandu chifukwa cha kusadziwa komanso kusasamala, koma alibe chochita nazo. Chifukwa chake chiri munjira za ubongo wathu ndi psyche.
Clairvoyant ubongo
Chifukwa cha khungu la chidziwitso chagona pamlingo wa neuroscience. Ubongo umayang'anizana ndi chidziwitso chochuluka chazidziwitso zomwe zimayenera kukonzedwa bwino. Kuti akwaniritse bwino ntchitoyi, nthawi zonse amapanga zitsanzo za dziko lozungulira potengera zomwe adakumana nazo m'mbuyomu. Motero, zinthu zochepa za muubongo zimakhazikika pakukonza zinthu zatsopano zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chitsanzo chake.1.
Akatswiri a zamaganizo ochokera ku yunivesite ya California adayesa. Ophunzira adafunsidwa kukumbukira momwe logo ya Apple imawonekera. Odzipereka anapatsidwa ntchito ziwiri: kujambula chizindikiro kuchokera pachiyambi ndikusankha yankho lolondola kuchokera ku zosankha zingapo zosiyana pang'ono. Mmodzi yekha mwa omwe adachita nawo 85 pakuyesera adamaliza ntchito yoyamba. Ntchito yachiwiri inamalizidwa bwino ndi maphunziro osakwana theka2.
Logos nthawi zonse amadziwika. Komabe, omwe adachita nawo kuyesera sanathe kutulutsa chizindikirocho molondola, ngakhale ambiri aiwo amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu za Apple mwachangu. Koma chizindikirocho nthawi zambiri chimatigwira m'maso mwathu kotero kuti ubongo umasiya kumvetsera ndikukumbukira mwatsatanetsatane.
"Timakumbukira" zomwe zili zopindulitsa kuti tizikumbukira panthawiyi, komanso "kuiwala" mosavuta chidziwitso chosayenera.
Chifukwa chake timaphonya zambiri zamoyo wamunthu. Ngati wokondedwa nthawi zambiri amachedwa kuntchito kapena paulendo wamalonda, kunyamuka kwina kapena kuchedwa sikuyambitsa kukayikira. Kuti ubongo ukhale wotchera khutu ku chidziwitsochi ndikuwongolera chitsanzo chake chenichenicho, chinachake chachilendo chiyenera kuchitika, pamene kwa anthu ochokera kunja, zizindikiro zowopsya zakhala zikudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali.
Kusanthula mfundo
Chifukwa chachiwiri cha khungu lachidziwitso chagona mu psychology. Pulofesa wa zama psychology ku Harvard University Daniel Gilbert akuchenjeza - anthu amakonda kusokoneza mfundo kuti asunge chithunzi chomwe akufuna cha dziko. Umu ndi momwe chitetezo cha psyche yathu chimagwirira ntchito.3. Tikakumana ndi zidziwitso zosemphana, mosazindikira timayika zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chithunzi chathu cha dziko lapansi ndikutaya zomwe zikutsutsana nazo.
Ophunzirawo adauzidwa kuti sanachite bwino pamayeso anzeru. Pambuyo pake, anapatsidwa mpata woŵerenga nkhani za mutuwo. Ophunzirawo adakhala nthawi yochulukirapo akuwerenga zolemba zomwe sizimakayikira luso lawo, koma kutsimikizika kwa mayeso oterowo. Nkhani kutsimikizira kudalirika kwa mayesero, ophunzira kulandidwa chidwi4.
Ophunzirawo ankaganiza kuti anali anzeru, choncho njira yodzitetezera inawakakamiza kuti aziganizira kwambiri za kusadalirika kwa mayesero - kuti asunge chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha dziko lapansi.
Maso athu amangowona zomwe ubongo umafuna kupeza.
Tikapanga chisankho-kugula mtundu wina wa galimoto, kukhala ndi mwana, kusiya ntchito yathu-timayamba kuphunzira mwakhama zomwe zimalimbitsa chidaliro chathu pa chisankhocho ndikunyalanyaza nkhani zomwe zimasonyeza zofooka pa chisankho. Kuphatikiza apo, timasankha mfundo zoyenera osati m'magazini okha, komanso kukumbukira kwathu. "Timakumbukira" zomwe zili zopindulitsa kuti tizikumbukira panthawiyi, komanso "kuiwala" mosavuta chidziwitso chosayenera.
Kukana zoonekeratu
Mfundo zina n’zoonekeratu kwambiri moti sitingathe kuzinyalanyaza. Koma chitetezo chimalimbana ndi izi. Zowona ndizongoganiza zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yotsimikizika. Ngati tikweza kudalirika kwakukulu, ndiye kuti sizingatheke kutsimikizira kuti tilipo. Ichi ndi chinyengo chomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tikakumana ndi zinthu zosasangalatsa zomwe sitingaziphonye.
Ochita nawo kuyesera adawonetsedwa zolemba zamaphunziro awiri omwe adasanthula mphamvu ya chilango chachikulu. Kafukufuku woyamba adayerekeza kuchuluka kwa umbanda pakati pa mayiko omwe ali ndi chilango cha imfa ndi omwe alibe. Kafukufuku wachiwiri anayerekezera chiŵerengero cha umbanda m’chigawo chimodzi chisanayambe ndi pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilango cha imfa. Ophunzirawo adawona kuti kafukufukuyu anali wolondola, zomwe zotsatira zake zidatsimikizira malingaliro awo. Maphunziro Otsutsana Otsutsidwa ndi Mitu pa Njira Yolakwika5.
Zowona zikasemphana ndi chithunzi chofunidwa cha dziko, timaziphunzira mosamalitsa ndikuzipenda mosamalitsa. Pamene tikufuna kukhulupirira mu chinachake, kutsimikizira pang'ono kumakhala kokwanira. Ngati sitifuna kukhulupirira, pamafunika umboni wochuluka kuti tikhutiritse. Pankhani ya kusintha kwa moyo waumwini - kuperekedwa kwa wokondedwa kapena kuperekedwa kwa wokondedwa - kukana zodziwikiratu kumakula kufika pamlingo wodabwitsa. Akatswiri a zamaganizo Jennifer Freyd (Jennifer Freyd) ndi Pamela Birrell (Pamela Birrell) m'buku la "Psychology of Betrayal and Treason" amapereka zitsanzo kuchokera ku machitidwe a psychotherapeutic pamene akazi anakana kuona kusakhulupirika kwa amuna awo, zomwe zinachitika pafupi ndi maso awo. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amatchedwa chodabwitsa ichi - khungu kuti aperekedwe.6.
Njira yopita ku chidziwitso
Kuzindikira zofooka za munthu payekha n'koopsa. Sitingathe kukhulupirira ngakhale maso athu - amangowona zomwe ubongo umafuna kupeza. Komabe, ngati tidziwa kupotoza kwa dziko lathu lapansi, tikhoza kupanga chithunzithunzi chowona bwino komanso chodalirika.
Kumbukirani - zitsanzo za ubongo zenizeni. Lingaliro lathu la dziko lotizungulira ndilosakanizika zenizeni zenizeni komanso zongopeka zosangalatsa. Nkosatheka kulekanitsa wina ndi mzake. Lingaliro lathu la zenizeni nthawi zonse limapotozedwa, ngakhale likuwoneka ngati lomveka.
Onani malingaliro otsutsana. Sitingathe kusintha momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito, koma tikhoza kusintha khalidwe lathu lachidziwitso. Kuti mupange lingaliro lolunjika pa nkhani iliyonse, musadalire mikangano ya omwe akukuthandizani. Bwino kuyang'anitsitsa malingaliro a otsutsa.
Pewani kutsatira mfundo ziwiri. Timayesa kulungamitsa munthu yemwe timamukonda kapena kutsutsa mfundo zomwe sitikonda. Yesani kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo powunika anthu osangalatsa komanso osasangalatsa, zochitika ndi zochitika.
1 Y. Huang ndi R. Rao «Predictive coding», Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2011, vol. 2, №5.
2 A. Blake, M. Nazariana ndi A. Castela «The Apple of the mind's eye: Everyday, metamemory, and reconstructive memory for the Apple logo», The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2015, vol. 68, №5.
3 D. Gilbert "Kukhumudwa pa Chimwemwe" (Mabuku a Vintage, 2007).
4 D. Frey ndi D. Stahlberg «Kusankhidwa kwa Chidziwitso Pambuyo Polandira Zambiri kapena Zosadalirika Zodziopseza Zodziopseza», Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1986, vol. 12, №4.
5 C. Lord, L. Ross ndi M. Lepper «Kukondera Kokondera ndi Kusiyanitsa Maganizo: Zotsatira za. Malingaliro Ambuyomu pa Umboni Womwe Ukaganiziridwa Pambuyo pake», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, vol. 37, №11.
6 J. Freud, P. Birrell «Psychology of betrayal and betrayal» (Peter, 2013).