Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zitsamba zonse, mipesa ndi mitengo yomwe yatizungulira imathandizira kwambiri kutulutsa mpweya wochuluka kuchokera mumlengalenga. Koma panthawi ina, zomera zimatha kutenga mpweya wochuluka kwambiri moti thandizo lawo polimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo limayamba kuchepa. Kodi zimenezi zidzachitika liti? Asayansi akuyesera kupeza yankho la funsoli.
Chiyambireni Chisinthiko cha Mafakitale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 20, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon mumlengalenga wobwera chifukwa cha zochita za anthu kwakwera kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, olembawo, omwe adasindikizidwa mu Trends in Plant Science, adapeza kuti panthawi imodzimodziyo, photosynthesis inakula ndi 30%.
Lukas Chernusak, wolemba kafukufuku komanso katswiri woona za chilengedwe payunivesite ya James Cook ku Australia anati: “Zili ngati kuwala kwa thambo lamdima.
Kodi zinatsimikiziridwa bwanji?
Chernusak ndi anzake adagwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku maphunziro a zachilengedwe kuyambira 2017, omwe anayeza carbonyl sulfide yomwe imapezeka mu ice cores ndi zitsanzo za mpweya. Kuphatikiza pa carbon dioxide, zomera zimatenga carbonyl sulfide panthawi ya chilengedwe chawo cha carbon ndipo izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza photosynthesis padziko lonse lapansi.
"Zomera zakumtunda zimayamwa pafupifupi 29% ya mpweya wathu, zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti mpweya wa CO2 ukhale wambiri. Kuwunika kwachitsanzo chathu kunawonetsa kuti gawo la photosynthesis lapadziko poyendetsa njira yotengera kaboni ndi yayikulu kuposa momwe mitundu ina yambiri yanenera," akutero Chernusak.
Koma asayansi ena sadziwa kwenikweni za kugwiritsa ntchito carbonyl sulfide monga njira yopimira photosynthesis.
Kerry Sendall ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo ku Georgia Southern University yemwe amaphunzira momwe zomera zimakulira muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za kusintha kwa nyengo.
Chifukwa carbonyl sulfide yotengedwa ndi zomera imatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe amalandira, Sendall akuti zotsatira za kafukufukuyu "zingakhale zochulukirachulukira," koma adanenanso kuti njira zambiri zoyezera photosynthesis padziko lonse lapansi zimakhala ndi kusatsimikizika kwina.
Wobiriwira ndi wandiweyani
Mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa photosynthesis komwe kwawonjezeka, asayansi amavomereza kuti mpweya wochuluka umakhala ngati feteleza wa zomera, zomwe zimafulumira kukula kwake.
"Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti masamba a mitengoyo achuluka kwambiri ndipo matabwawo ndi olimba," akutero Cernusak.
Asayansi ochokera ku Oak Ride National Laboratory adanenanso kuti zomera zikakumana ndi kuchuluka kwa CO2, kukula kwa pore pamasamba kumawonjezeka.
Sendall, m'maphunziro ake oyesera, adawonetsa zomera kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe amalandila. Pazifukwa izi, malinga ndi zomwe Sendall adawona, mawonekedwe a masamba amasamba adasintha kotero kuti zidakhala zovuta kuti azidya zitsamba azidya.
Malo ochezera
Mulingo wa CO2 mumlengalenga ukukwera, ndipo zikuyembekezeredwa kuti pamapeto pake mbewu sizidzatha kupirira.
"Kuyankha kwa sinki ya kaboni pakuwonjezeka kwa mpweya wa CO2 kumakhalabe kusatsimikizika kwakukulu pamitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi ya kaboni mpaka pano, ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusatsimikizika pamalingaliro akusintha kwanyengo," a Oak Ride National Laboratory amalemba patsamba lake.
Kuchotsa minda kuti kulime kapena ulimi ndi kutulutsa mafuta oyambira pansi zakale kumakhudza kwambiri kayendedwe ka kaboni. Asayansi ali otsimikiza kuti ngati anthu sasiya kuchita izi, ndiye kuti palibe chomwe chingalephereke.
Daniel Way, katswiri wa zamoyo ku Western University anati: "Kutulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon kudzatsekeredwa mumlengalenga, kuchuluka kwake kudzawonjezeka mofulumira, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusintha kwa nyengo kudzachitika mofulumira."
Kodi tingatani?
Asayansi aku University of Illinois ndi dipatimenti yaulimi akuyesa njira zosinthira ma genetic kuti athe kusunga mpweya wochulukirapo. Enzyme yotchedwa rubisco ndiyo imagwira ntchito yogwira CO2 ya photosynthesis, ndipo asayansi akufuna kuti ikhale yogwira mtima kwambiri.
Mayesero aposachedwapa a mbewu zosinthidwa awonetsa kuti kupititsa patsogolo khalidwe la rubisco kumawonjezera zokolola pafupifupi 40%, koma kugwiritsa ntchito enzyme yosinthidwa pamalonda akuluakulu kungatenge zaka zoposa khumi. Pakalipano, mayesero achitidwa pa mbewu wamba monga fodya, ndipo sizikuwonekeratu momwe rubisco ingasinthire mitengo yomwe imatenga mpweya wambiri.
Mu Seputembala 2018, magulu oteteza zachilengedwe adakumana ku San Francisco kuti akhazikitse dongosolo losunga nkhalango, lomwe akuti ndi "njira yoyiwalika pakusintha kwanyengo."
"Ndikuganiza kuti opanga mfundo akuyenera kuyankha zomwe tapeza pozindikira kuti chilengedwe chapadziko lapansi pano chikugwira ntchito ngati sink yabwino ya kaboni," akutero Cernusak. "Choyamba kuchita ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuteteza nkhalango kuti zipitilize kutulutsa mpweya ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo kuti zisawononge mphamvu zamagetsi."