Chitin

Zikafika pa chitin, maphunziro a biology yakusukulu amabwera m'maganizo. Arthropods, crustaceans ndi chilichonse chokhudzana ndi iwo ...

Koma, ngakhale izi, chitin inali yothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu.

General makhalidwe a chitin

Chitin adapezeka koyamba mu 1821 ndi director of the botanical garden, Henry Bracon. Poyesa mankhwala, adavumbulutsa chinthu chomwe sichikhoza kusungunuka mu sulfuric acid. Ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri, chitin adachotsedwa mu zipolopolo za tarantula. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mawu akuti "chitin" adaperekedwa ndi wasayansi wa ku France Audier, yemwe adaphunzira zinthuzo pogwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zakunja (mafupa akunja) a tizilombo.

Chitin ndi polysaccharide yomwe ili m'gulu la chakudya chovuta kugaya. Pankhani ya physicochemical properties, komanso ntchito yake yachilengedwe, ili pafupi ndi fiber fiber.

Chitin ndi gawo la khoma la cell la bowa, komanso mabakiteriya ena.

Wopangidwa ndi zotsalira za amino shuga za acetylglucosamine, chitin ndi amodzi mwa ma polysaccharides ochulukirapo m'chilengedwe.

Ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka mu bowa, mabakiteriya, arthropods. Mitundu ingapo ya chitin yadziwika, yosiyana ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala ndi katundu.

* Kuchulukirachulukira (g) mu 100 g yazinthu.

Chitin (French chitine, kuchokera ku Greek chiton - zovala, khungu, chipolopolo), gulu lachilengedwe kuchokera ku gulu la kutchfuneralhome; gawo lalikulu la mafupa akunja (cuticle) a arthropods ndi zina zambiri zopanda msana; ndi gawo la khoma la cell la bowa ndi mabakiteriya. Imagwira ntchito zoteteza komanso zothandizira, kupereka kukhazikika kwa ma cell. Mawu akuti "X". loperekedwa ndi wasayansi wa ku France A. Odier, yemwe (1823) anaphunzira chivundikiro chakunja cholimba cha tizilombo. H. imakhala ndi zotsalira za N-acetylglucosamine zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi b- (1 ® 4) -glycosidic bonds.

Kulemera kwa molekyulu kumatha kufika 260,000. Simasungunuka m'madzi, kusungunula zidulo, alkalis, mowa, ndi zosungunulira zina organic, amasungunula mu anaikira mchere zothetsera (lithium, calcium thiocyanate), ndipo anawonongedwa mu anaikira mayankho a mchere zidulo (pa kutentha). Chlorine nthawi zonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mapuloteni muzinthu zachilengedwe. Chlorine ndi yofanana mu kapangidwe, physicochemical properties, ndi biological udindo kubzala cellulose.

Chlorine biosynthesis m'thupi imapezeka ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa wopereka, otsalira N-acetylglucosamine-uridine diphosphate-M-acetyl-glucosamine, ndi ovomerezeka, chitodextrins, ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa enzymatic glycosyltransferase system yokhudzana ndi ma membrane amkati. Chlorine imaphwanyidwa mwachilengedwe kuti imasule N-acetylglucosamine ndi enzyme chitinase, yomwe imapezeka m'mabakiteriya angapo, pakati pa michere ya m'mimba ya nthaka amoebas, nkhono zina, nyongolotsi za m'nthaka, komanso mu crustaceans panthawi ya molting. Zamoyo zikafa, chlorine ndi zowononga zake zimasinthidwa kukhala dothi ndi dothi la m'nyanja kukhala zinthu zokhala ngati humic ndipo zimathandiza kuti nayitrogeni munthaka.

Kufunika kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa chitin

Kugwiritsa ntchito kuposa 3000mg patsiku kungayambitse mavuto ndi ntchito ya m'mimba. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana tanthauzo la golide pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zilizonse zamphamvu.

Kufunika kwa chitin kumawonjezeka:

• onenepa kwambiri;
• kuphwanya kagayidwe mafuta m`thupi;
• kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi;
• chiwindi steatosis;
• ndi mafuta ochulukirapo muzakudya;
• kudzimbidwa kawirikawiri;
• matenda a shuga;
• ziwengo ndi kuledzera kwa thupi.

Kufunika kwa chitin kumachepa:

• ndi kupanga mafuta mopitirira muyeso;
• matenda opatsirana;
• gastritis, kapamba ndi matenda ena otupa am'mimba thirakiti.

Digestibility wa chitin

Chitin ndi chinthu cholimba chowonekera chomwe sichigayidwa m'thupi la munthu. Monga cellulose, chitin imathandizira m'mimba motility komanso imakhala ndi zinthu zina zothandiza mthupi.

Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zomwe zili mu chitin m'thupi

Thupi la munthu silipanga chitin palokha, chifukwa chake zomwe zili m'thupi zimatengera kupezeka muzakudya. Kutengera izi, zikutsatira kuti ngati mukufuna kukhala wathanzi, muyenera kumamwa chitin nthawi zonse ngati monomer yake - chitosan.

Chitin chifukwa cha kukongola ndi thanzi

Posachedwapa, cosmetologists akulemba mochulukira za zotsatira zabwino zomwe zapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi zodzikongoletsera ndi chitin. Amawonjezedwa ku ma shampoos kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa tsitsi ndi kusungunuka, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta odzola, owonjezera mafuta, ma gels osambira, ndi zinthu zaukhondo (zotsukira mano za gel) zimapangidwa. Amapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yopopera ndi ma varnish.

Chitin ntchito monga zakudya zowonjezera zakudya mu zakudya kusintha elasticity khungu, monga odana ndi yotupa ndi moisturizer. Amapanga filimu yoteteza pakhungu ndi tsitsi, potero imathandizira njira yophatikizira, imalepheretsa khungu kutaya chinyezi ndi misomali yophulika.

Asayansi a ku Argentina azindikira kuti chitin ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri ngati chothandizira kukonzanso machiritso ofulumira kwambiri a khungu pakawonongeka. Kuphatikiza apo, chitin imasinthidwa ndikutenthedwa kukhala chinthu chatsopano chosungunuka m'madzi. chitosan, yomwe ili mbali ya zodzoladzola zoletsa kukalamba. Chifukwa cha zodzoladzola zotsutsana ndi ukalamba, khungu limatulutsa mofulumira, makwinya sawoneka bwino. Khungu limakhala lowoneka bwino komanso laling'ono, chifukwa cha katundu wa chitin kuti athetse kufalikira kwa ma capillaries ang'onoang'ono a khungu.

Ponena za ubwino wa chitin pakuchepa kwa thupi lanu, ndizodziwikiratu. Chitosan imatchedwanso ulusi wa nyama, womwe umamangiriza m'thupi ndikuchotsa mafuta ochulukirapo, umathandizira kudya kwambiri, umawonjezera kuchuluka kwa bifidobacteria m'matumbo ndipo umathandizira kuchepetsa thupi. Komanso, ndi udindo adsorption wa zoipitsa, pambuyo kusamutsidwa amene, thupi lathu amamva kuwala ndi ufulu.

Chitin mu Nature

Mwachilengedwe, chitin imagwira ntchito zoteteza komanso zothandizira, kupereka mphamvu ya crustaceans, bowa ndi mabakiteriya. Izi ndizofanana ndi cellulose, zomwe ndizomwe zimapangidwira khoma la cell. Koma chitin ndi yotakataka, malinga ndi zipangizo za Russian Chitin Society. Ikatenthedwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi alkali wokhazikika, imasandulika chitosan. Polima iyi imatha kusungunula munjira za asidi, komanso kumanga ndikuchita ndi mankhwala ena. Choncho, nthawi zina akatswiri a zamankhwala amatchula chitosan ngati "womanga" omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma polima osiyanasiyana. Kuti mupeze chitin choyera, mapuloteni, calcium ndi mchere wina amachotsedwa muzinthu zamoyo zomwe zili nazo, ndikuzisintha kukhala mawonekedwe osungunuka. Zotsatira zake ndi chitinous crumb.

"Crustaceans, bowa ndi tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza chitin. Mwa njira, chinthu ichi chinapezeka koyamba mu shampignons. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chitin ndi chotuluka chake cha chitosan kukukulirakulira. Polysaccharide imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowonjezera zakudya, mankhwala, mankhwala oletsa kuwotcha, sutures osungunula opangira opaleshoni, amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi ma radiation, ndi zina zambiri. Chitosan ndi chinthu chothandiza chomwe chimafunikira kuphunzira mopitilira muyeso"

Chitin mu mankhwala

Chifukwa chakuti chitosan amachitira bwino ndi mankhwala ena, mankhwala ndi zolandilira Mwachitsanzo, akhoza "kupachikidwa" pa unyolo polima. Choncho, chinthu chogwira ntchito chidzatulutsidwa kokha pamene chikufunika, popanda kuwonetsa thupi lonse ku toxicosis. Kuphatikiza apo, chitosan palokha sichikhala poizoni kwa zamoyo.

Chitosan imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowonjezera pazakudya. Mwachitsanzo, kachigawo kakang'ono kamene kamalemera kwambiri ka maselo kamalowa m'magazi ndipo amagwira ntchito pamlingo wa chitetezo cha mthupi. Gawo laling'ono la molekyulu ndi gawo la antibacterial lomwe limalepheretsa kukula kwa microflora ya pathogenic m'matumbo. Komanso, izo zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe filimu pa matumbo mucosa, amene amawateteza ku kutupa. Pankhaniyi, filimuyo imasungunuka mwamsanga, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pamankhwala. Kagawo kakang'ono ka molekyulu ka chitosan kamakhala ngati sorbent wa poizoni omwe amapezeka m'matumbo am'mimba.

"Timadziwa ma sorbents ambiri omwe ali ndi katundu wovulaza anthu - amatengeka ndikuyika mu minofu ndi mafupa. Chitosan alibe zotsatira zoyipa izi. Komanso, imatha kuyamwa zitsamba zamankhwala, zomwe, molumikizana nazo, sizitaya zopindulitsa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera chazakudya. Chitosan imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati gel osakaniza pochiza matenda amkamwa kapena kutentha. "

Kuphatikiza apo, chitosan imakhala ndi antitumor effect, kotero imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popewa khansa. Mankhwalawa amachepetsa cholesterol, chifukwa amamanga lipids m'zakudya ndikuletsa kuyamwa kwamafuta m'matumbo. Kafukufuku akuchitikanso pakugwiritsa ntchito chitosan ngati implants zachipatala.

Chitin ndi gene therapy

Thandizo la majini tsopano likukula mwachangu. Mothandizidwa ndi njira ya sayansi, ndizotheka kuthetsa ntchito ya jini imodzi kapena ina "yovulaza" kapena kuikamo ina m'malo mwake. Koma kuti tichite izi, m'pofunika mwanjira ina kupereka "zofunika" jini zambiri mu selo. Poyamba, mavairasi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi, koma dongosololi lili ndi zovuta zambiri: carcinogenicity ndi kukwera mtengo zinali makamaka.. Koma mothandizidwa ndi chitosan, ndizotheka kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira cha jini muselo popanda zotsatira zoyipa komanso zotsika mtengo.

" Ma vectors osagwiritsa ntchito ma virus a RNA amatha kuyimba nyimbo ndikusintha kwamankhwala. Chitosan ndi vector yabwino kwambiri kuposa liposomes kapena cationic polima chifukwa imamangiriza ku DNA bwino. Kuonjezera apo, machitidwe oterewa ndi opanda poizoni ndipo angapezeke kutentha ,” anatero wasayansiyo.

Chitin m'makampani azakudya

The absorbency ya chitosan imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga moŵa kuchotsa zinyalala. Zomwe zimatchedwa turbidity mu chakumwa zimapangidwira chifukwa cha zigawo za zipangizo ndi zipangizo zothandizira monga mapuloteni, chakudya, maselo amoyo ndi oxalates. Kuchotsa maselo amoyo, chitosan amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa siteji ya kumveka kwa mankhwala.

Komanso, chitosan filimu amachepetsa mlingo wa kufala tizilombo mu nyama yaiwisi, linalake ndipo tikulephera maonekedwe a Staphylococcus aureus mabakiteriya.

"Nthawi zambiri, nyama yatsopano imasungidwa osapitilira masiku awiri. Chifukwa cha kuyesa kwa chitosan, tinatha kuonjezera nthawi yosungiramo nthawi imodzi ndi theka mpaka kawiri. Nthawi zina, nthawiyo idafika mpaka milungu iwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, pakuwona kwa ogula, filimu ya chitosan ndi phukusi labwino, chifukwa silikuwoneka."

Chitosan imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'makampani azakudya pophatikiza mapuloteni a whey mumakampani amkaka, kupanga zinthu zomwe zili ndi ayodini potengera kupanga kwa ayodini-chitosan complexes, ndi zina.