Zamkatimu
Nthawi yophukira iliyonse, okonda "kusaka mwakachetechete" amapita kunkhalango kukaphatikiza "zothandiza ndi zosangalatsa". Pamodzi ndi kuyenda mumpweya wabwino ndikusilira mitundu yowala ya autumn, nthawi zonse ndizotheka kusonkhanitsa zokolola zabwino za matupi a fruiting. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa kugwa kwa masamba komwe bowa wa autumn amawonekera, omwe amayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo kokongola komanso kusinthasintha pakuphika. Amayi ambiri am'nyumba nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zosunga zokometsera za bowa m'nyengo yozizira, komanso amakonzekeretsa zakudya zosiyanasiyana za kadzutsa, nkhomaliro ndi chakudya chamadzulo.
The well-known autumn mushroom mushrooms are not one, but a combination of species, of which there are more than 40 in the world. About 10 species of these fruiting bodies can be noted on the territory of the Federation, but such information will be of interest only to scientists, which cannot be said about mushroom pickers. The latter are only concerned about how to distinguish an edible honey agaric from a false one. And only the most advanced mushroom pickers can notice that the edible types of autumn mushrooms have differences among themselves. Sometimes these differences are so insignificant that specialists have to check the spores of two different species again for interbreeding …
Nkhani yathu ikupereka zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe a bowa wa autumn wodyedwa. Pambuyo popenda zomwe zili pamwambazi, mudzatha kukhala ndi lingaliro la maonekedwe a matupi a fruiting, malo awo akukula, komanso nyengo ya fruiting. Tasankha mitundu ya bowa wa autumn wofala kwambiri m'dziko Lathu, omwe amadziwika kwambiri pakati pa otola bowa.
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Autumn Honey agaric (weniweni kapena hemp)
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Mphukira kapena uchi weniweni wa agaric ndi wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa oimira onse amtundu wake. Uwu ndi bowa wokoma kwambiri wodyedwa womwe umabwereketsa bwino pamakonzedwe osiyanasiyana: pickling, salting, kuzizira, kuyanika, Frying, etc.
Dzina lachi Latin: Matenda a Armillaria.
Banja: Physalacriaceae (Physalacriaceae).
Mafanowo: uchi weniweni wa agaric, autumn.
Ali ndi: imafika m'mimba mwake 4-12 cm (nthawi zina mpaka 15 ndi 17 cm), poyamba imakhala yozungulira, kenako imatsegula ndikukhala lathyathyathya, kupanga m'mphepete mwa wavy. Nthawi zina tubercle, mabala kapena mamba ang'onoang'ono a bulauni amatha kuwonedwa pakati pa kapu. Khungu la khungu limachokera ku beige kupita ku uchi wa bulauni ndi imvi-bulauni. Chithunzi chili pansipa chikuwonetsa bowa wa autumn bowa:
Onani kuti ali wamng'ono, pamwamba pa kapu ya fruiting thupi yokutidwa ndi sparse woyera mamba, amene amatha ndi zaka.
Mwendo: woonda, ulusi, mpaka 10 cm wamtali ndi 1-2 cm wandiweyani, wokulirapo pang'ono m'munsi. Pamwamba pamakhala kuwala kapena chikasu-bulauni mumtundu, ndipo mthunzi wakuda umawoneka kumunsi. Monga kapu, mwendo umakutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono owala. Nthawi zambiri, bowa wa m'dzinja amakula pamodzi ndi miyendo yawo pansi.
Zamkati: mu zitsanzo zazing'ono ndi wandiweyani, woyera, wokondweretsa kukoma ndi kununkhira. Ndi ukalamba, imakhala yopyapyala, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta.
Mbiri: zochepa, kumamatira ku tsinde kapena kutsika mofooka. Bowa achichepere amakhala ndi mbale zoyera kapena zonona, zomwe zimadetsedwa ndi ukalamba ndikukutidwa ndi mawanga a bulauni. Kuonjezera apo, mbalezo zimakutidwa ndi filimu, yomwe m'matupi akale a fruiting amatuluka pa kapu, atapachikidwa pa tsinde ngati mphete.
ntchito: amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphika ndi mankhwala. Bowa amatsukidwa bwino, mchere, zouma ndi mazira. Zimapangitsa maphunziro okoma oyambirira ndi achiwiri, omwe sali otsika mu kukoma ngakhale bowa wa porcini ndi bowa. Komanso, mitundu yonse ya autumn bowa ndi kutchulidwa mankhwala.
Kukwanira: bowa wodyedwa gulu 3.
Zofanana ndi zosiyana: autumn akhoza kusokonezedwa ndi fleecy scaly. Komabe, zotsirizirazi zimasiyana ndi uchi weniweni wa agaric ndi kuchuluka kwa mamba pamwamba pa thupi la fruiting, komanso fungo lopweteka lomwe limakumbutsa radish. Ndipo ngakhale flake imakhalanso ya bowa wodyedwa (pokhapokha mutatha kutentha), sichikhala chokoma ngati m'dzinja.
Kufalitsa: kuchokera ku subtropics kupita Kumpoto, sikumakula kokha kudera la permafrost. Amapezeka m'nkhalango zonyowa: pazitsa, mitengo yakugwa ndi nthambi. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimakhudza mitundu yoposa 200 yamitengo ndi zitsamba, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati saprophytes, zokhazikika pamitengo yomwe yafa kale. Musalambalale kudula kwa nkhalango za coniferous.
Chochititsa chidwi, bowa wa autumn amatchedwanso hemp. Izi ndizomveka, chifukwa makamaka amakonda kumera pazitsa. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mtundu wa fruiting thupi udzadalira mtundu wa nkhuni umene wakhala. Choncho, popula, mthethe kapena mabulosi amapereka uchi wachikasu ku uchi wa agaric, oak - bulauni, elderberry - imvi yakuda, ndi mitengo ya coniferous - yofiira yofiira.
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Kodi bowa wakumpoto wa autumn amawoneka bwanji: zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe a miyendo ndi zipewa
Chithunzi chotsatirachi ndi kufotokozera ndi za bowa wakumpoto wa autumn - bowa wotchuka wodyedwa wamtundu wa Honey agaric.
Dzina lachi Latin: Armillaria borealis.
Banja: Physalacrye.
Ali ndi: convex, 5-10 cm mulifupi, chikasu-bulauni kapena lalanje-bulauni, utoto wa azitona nthawi zambiri umawoneka. Pakati pa chipewa ndi chopepuka kuposa m'mphepete. Pamwamba pamakhala mamba ang'onoang'ono, omwe ndi matani 1-2 akuda kuposa mtundu waukulu. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mamba kumawonedwa pakati pa kapu. M'mphepete mwake ndi nthiti pang'ono komanso zowawa, zakuda zachikasu chakuda.
Mwendo: cylindrical, yopyapyala, nthawi zina imakula m'munsi, mpaka 10 cm muutali ndi makulidwe a 1,5 cm. Pamwamba pake ndi youma, bulauni mu mtundu ndi yellow-white pubescence. Pali siketi ya mphete, yodziwika bwino yamitundu yonse yodyedwa, yomwe imakhala yosasunthika ndi zaka, ndipo mamba omveka amawonedwa m'mphepete.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa momwe bowa wa autumn wodyedwa wamtunduwu amawonekera:
Zamkati: wandiweyani, woyera kapena beige, momveka bwino kukumbukira ubweya wa thonje woponderezedwa. Ili ndi kukoma kosangalatsa komanso kununkhira kwa "bowa".
Mbiri: woyera mu zitsanzo zazing'ono, kukhala ocher-kirimu ndi zaka.
Kukwanira: bowa wodyedwa.
ntchito: oyenera kuphika mitundu yonse - yophika, yokazinga, stewing, marinating, salting, kuyanika ndi kuzizira. Mwendo wa bowa wa autumn ndi wovuta, choncho sugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamankhwala kuti abwezeretse kuthamanga kwa magazi. Komanso, bowa ali wodekha thupi, kumathandiza ndi poizoniyu ndi mankhwala a khansa.
Kufalitsa: imakula m'dziko lathu lonse, kupatula Kumpoto Kwathu. Imakhazikika pamitengo yakufa, komanso zitsa za mitundu ya coniferous ndi deciduous. Zipatso zimakhala zambiri, chifukwa bowa amamera m'mabanja akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa birch, alder ndi thundu, nthawi zina zimakhudza zitsamba. Nthawi yokolola imayamba mu Ogasiti ndipo imatha mu Seputembala-Otobala, kutengera nyengo.
Tikukupatsani kuti muwone zithunzi zina za bowa wa autumn wodyedwa:
Kudya bowa wamiyendo yokhuthala
Pakati pa bowa wa autumn wodyedwa, bowa wamiyendo wandiweyani amapezekanso - imodzi mwa bowa zodziwika bwino, zomwe zimakololedwa bwino osati m'nkhalango zokha, komanso zimakula pamtunda wa mafakitale.
Honey agaric wandiweyani miyendo
Dzina lachi Latin: Armillary lute
Banja: Physalacrye.
Mafanowo: Armillaria Bulbosa, Inflata.
Ali ndi: kutalika kwa 2,5 mpaka 10 cm. Ali aang'ono, bowa amakhala ndi kapu yotambalala yokhala ndi m'mphepete mwake, kenako imakula ndipo m'mphepete mwake imagwa, ndipo pakati pamakhala tubercle. Poyamba imakhala yofiirira, imasanduka yachikasu chifukwa cha ukalamba. Pamwamba pamakhala mamba ambiri aubweya achikasu obiriwira kapena otuwa omwe amapitilira ngakhale akuluakulu.
Mwendo: cylindrical yokhala ngati chibonga chokhuthala molunjika kumunsi, yokutidwa ndi mamba achikasu achikasu. Pamwamba pa tsinde lokha ndi bulauni pansi ndi chikasu (nthawi zina woyera) pamwamba. "Siketi" ndi membranous, yoyera, yomwe imang'ambika.
Bowa wodyedwa wa autumn akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:
Zamkati: wandiweyani, woyera, ndi fungo losangalatsa, nthawi zina la cheesy.
Mbiri: pafupipafupi, kutsika pang'ono, chikasu, kutembenukira bulauni ndi zaka.
Kukwanira: bowa wodyedwa.
Zofanana ndi zosiyana: autumn wandiweyani-miyendo uchi agaric akhoza kusokonezedwa ndi fleecy scaly, amene amasiyanitsidwa ndi mkulu zili mamba pamwamba pa kapu. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina otola bowa sadziwa amatha kusokoneza uchi wa agaric ndi sulfur-yellow false honey agaric, komanso njerwa zodyedwa zofiira zabodza. Komabe, zamoyo zomwe zatchulidwazi zilibe mphete ya siketi pa tsinde, yomwe imadziwika ndi matupi onse odyetsedwa.
Kufalitsa: ndi saprophyte ndipo imamera pa udzu wovunda, zitsa zowola ndi makungwa a mitengo. Imakondanso nkhuni zowotchedwa ndi nkhuni zolimba. Amalima kope limodzi, mocheperapo - m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Komanso, mtundu uwu wa bowa akhoza kukula pa bedi la singano spruce.
Timaperekanso kuwonera kanema za bowa wa autumn:
Kodi bowa wa m'dzinja amamera bwanji komanso m'nkhalango ziti?
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Nthawi ya autumn bowa imadalira nyengo ya dera linalake, komanso nyengo yokhazikika, yomwe imaphatikizapo kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi. Nyengo yabwino ya fruiting wochuluka wa bowa amaonedwa kuti ndi khola pafupifupi tsiku kutentha mpweya osachepera + 10 °. Kungotchulidwa kokha kwa mtundu wa matupi a fruiting kumasonyeza nthawi yomwe bowa wa autumn amawonekera. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa bowa kumayamba kumapeto kwa Ogasiti ndikutha pakati pa Okutobala. M'madera ena, bowa wa autumn amapitiriza kubala zipatso mpaka kumapeto kwa November, ngati nyengo yofunda ikupitirira. Pachimake cha kusonkhanitsa fruiting matupi amapezeka makamaka September. Kuchulukanso kwina kwa fruiting kumayamba ndi kuyamba kwa zomwe zimatchedwa "Indian summer". Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ya bowa wa autumn imakula mwachangu pamvula yamkuntho ndipo imakonda chifunga cha Seputembala. Monga mukudziwira, bowa wa autumn amakula mofulumira kwambiri, patangopita masiku ochepa mvula yamkuntho itatha, ndipo mukhoza kupita kukakolola bowa wotsatira.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya bowa ya autumn imakula m'magulu akuluakulu pazitsa, mitengo yakugwa, kudula nkhalango, ndi zina zotero. Pankhani imeneyi, ndi yabwino kwambiri kuwasonkhanitsa m'nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri, bowa wa autumn ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, timakhazikika pamitengo yamoyo ndikuwononga. Komabe, palinso ma saprophyte omwe asankha nkhuni zowola zakufa. Nthawi zina amapezeka pansi pa khungwa la zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa.
Kodi bowa wa autumn amamera m'nkhalango ziti m'dziko lathu? Anthu ambiri odziwa kuthyola bowa amaona kuti matupi obala zipatsowa amakonda nkhalango zonyowa. Kuphatikiza apo, zipatso zake zambiri zimawonedwa m'nkhalango zodula. Nthawi zambiri, bowa wa autumn amamera m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, amakonda birch, alder, oak, aspen ndi poplar. Popeza gawo la Dziko Lathu lili ndi malo akuluakulu okhala ndi nkhalango, mutha kukumana ndi bowa mu iliyonse yaiwo.
Kodi bowa wa m'dzinja amamera kuti?
Ndipo kodi bowa wa autumn amamera pati, pamitengo iti? Nthawi zambiri matupi a fruiting awa amapezeka pamitengo ya conifers. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mtundu wa zipewa komanso ngakhale kukoma kwa bowa kumasiyana malinga ndi nkhuni. Chifukwa chake, kukula papaini kapena spruce, uchi wa agaric umakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndipo umakhala wowawa pang'ono.
Chosangalatsa: usiku, mukhoza kuona kukomoka kuwala kwa chitsa chimene bowa amamera. Nthawi zambiri izi zimatha kuwonedwa chimphepo chisanachitike. Si matupi a fruiting omwe amatulutsa kuwala, koma mycelium. Anthu amene anapezeka kuti ali pafupi ndi chinthu choterocho usiku amavomereza kuti zimenezi n’zokongola kwambiri!