Tsiku ndi tsiku timanyalanyaza nzeru yafilosofi ndi gastronomic yolengezedwa ndi Socrates kuti: “Uyenera kudya kuti ukhale ndi moyo, osati kukhala ndi moyo kuti udye.” Kodi nchiyani chimene chimachititsa munthu kunyalanyaza zizindikiro zachibadwa, zoperekedwa mwachibadwa (“Ndakhuta, sindikufunanso kudya”) m’malo mwa kudya mopambanitsa kaamba ka chisangalalo chimene chiri chovulaza thupi?
Anthu onenepa akamawona zakudya zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri, madera akuluakulu omwe ali ndi udindo wosangalatsa, chidwi, malingaliro, kukumbukira komanso luso la magalimoto amatsegulidwa muubongo wawo, maphunziro ogwiritsira ntchito maginito akuwonetsa. Sizikudziwikabe chifukwa chake anthu amanenepa: chifukwa thupi lawo silingathe kudziletsa kulemera kwake, kapena chifukwa chakuti thupi limataya lusoli likamalemera kwambiri.
Njira yogaya chakudya, monga mukudziwa, imayamba ngakhale chakudya chisanalowe m'mimba komanso mkamwa. Kuwona chakudya, kununkhira kwake, kapena mawu omwe amachitcha, kumalimbikitsa madera a ubongo omwe ali ndi udindo wopeza chisangalalo, amatsegula malo okumbukira ndi zowawa za salivary. Munthu amadya ngakhale alibe njala, chifukwa zimakondweretsa. Kodi nchiyani chimene chimachititsa munthu kunyalanyaza zizindikiro zachibadwa, zoperekedwa mwachibadwa (“Ndakhuta, sindikufunanso kudya”) m’malo mwa kudya mopambanitsa kaamba ka chisangalalo chimene chiri chovulaza thupi?
Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Columbia (New York) adapereka pepala pazifukwa zakuthupi zomwe zimayambitsa kudya kwambiri pamsonkhano wa kunenepa kwambiri ku Stockholm.
Kujambula mwatsatanetsatane kwa zochitika za muubongo kwawonetsa momwe chiyembekezo chosangalala ndi chakudya chokoma chimagonjetsera mphamvu yachilengedwe ya thupi yowongolera kulemera ndikuteteza kusadya mopambanitsa.
Asayansi amatcha mitundu yotere yazakudya "hedonic" ndi "homeostatic" motsatana (homeostasis ndi kuthekera kwa thupi kudzilamulira, kusungabe mphamvu). Zinapezeka, makamaka, kuti ubongo wa anthu onenepa kwambiri umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi "hedonistically" ku zakudya zotsekemera ndi mafuta kuposa ubongo wa anthu omwe ali ndi kulemera kwabwino. Ubongo wa anthu onenepa kwambiri umachita zachiwawa ngakhale ku zithunzi za chakudya chokopa.
Madokotala adaphunzira momwe ubongo umachitira pazithunzi "zosangalatsa" pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula kwa maginito a resonance (fMRI). Kafukufukuyu adakhudza akazi a 20 - 10 onenepa kwambiri ndi 10 abwinobwino. Anasonyezedwa zithunzi za zakudya zokopa: makeke, zitumbuwa, zokazinga za ku France, ndi zakudya zina zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri. Kujambula kwa MRI kunasonyeza kuti mwa amayi onenepa kwambiri, zithunzizo zinali ndi ubongo wogwira ntchito kwambiri m'dera la ventral tegmental (VTA), kachigawo kakang'ono m'kati mwa ubongo kumene dopamine, "neurohormone ya chilakolako," imatulutsidwa.
“Anthu onenepa akamaona chakudya chokhala ndi ma calorie ochuluka, madera akuluakulu muubongo wawo amayatsidwa ndipo amakhala ndi udindo wolandira mphotho, chidwi, kutengeka maganizo, kukumbukira zinthu komanso luso loyendetsa galimoto. Madera onsewa amalumikizana, motero zimakhala zovuta kuti njira zodzilamulira zokha zigonjetse, "adatero Susan Carnell, katswiri wamisala pa Yunivesite ya Columbia.
Mu gulu lolamulira - akazi owonda - machitidwe oterewa sanawonedwe.
Kuwonjezeka kwa chilakolako cha anthu onenepa kwambiri sikunayambike kokha ndi zithunzi za chakudya. Zomveka, monga mawu oti "cookie ya chokoleti" kapena mayina azinthu zina zopatsa mphamvu zambiri, zidapangitsa kuti ubongo ukhale wofanana. Kumveka kwa mawu a zakudya zathanzi, zotsika kwambiri zama calorie, monga "kabichi" kapena "zukini," sizinathandize. Ubongo wa amayi ocheperako adachita mofooka ndi "maphokoso okoma".
Phunziro lofananalo linaperekedwa pamsonkhano wa zakudya ku Pittsburgh. Akatswiri amisala ochokera ku yunivesite ya Yale adachita kafukufuku wa fMRI wa ubongo wa anthu 13 onenepa kwambiri komanso anthu 13 owonda. Pogwiritsa ntchito scanner, mayankho a ubongo ku fungo kapena kukoma kwa chokoleti kapena sitiroberi milkshake analembedwa. Zomwe ubongo wa anthu onenepa kwambiri pazakudya zidawonedwa m'chigawo cha amygdala cha cerebellum - pakati pamalingaliro. Iwo “anapeza” chakudya chokoma ngakhale anali ndi njala kapena ayi. The cerebellum anthu ndi yachibadwa kulemera anachita milkshake kokha pamene munthu anakumana ndi njala.
"Ngati kulemera kwanu sikudutsa muyeso, njira za homeostasis zimagwira ntchito bwino ndikuwongolera bwino gawo ili la ubongo. Komabe, ngati muli onenepa kwambiri, pali mtundu wina wa kusagwira ntchito kwa chizindikiro cha homeostatic, kotero anthu onenepa kwambiri amagonja ku ziyeso za chakudya, ngakhale atakhuta kwathunthu, "adatero mtsogoleri wa kafukufuku Dana Small.
"Chakudya" chazakudya zotsekemera komanso zonenepa zimatha kusokoneza njira zomwe zimapangidwira pakuwongolera kulemera m'thupi la munthu. Zotsatira zake, kugaya chakudya kumasiya kupanga "mauthenga" amankhwala, makamaka mapuloteni cholecystokinin, omwe "amanena" kukhuta. Chinthuchi chiyenera kupita ku tsinde la ubongo kenako ku hypothalamus, ndipo ubongo uyenera kupereka lamulo loletsa kudya. Kwa anthu onenepa kwambiri, unyolo uwu umasokonekera, chifukwa chake, amatha kuwongolera nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuchokera kunja kokha, ndi "chigamulo chofuna".
Chinthu chimodzi chofunika sichidziwika bwino kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe apangidwa, mu mzimu wa "zomwe zinabwera poyamba, nkhuku kapena dzira." Kodi anthu amanenepa chifukwa chakuti thupi lawo poyamba silingathe kudziletsa pawokha, kapena thupi limataya luso limeneli likamalemera kwambiri?
Dr. Small amakhulupirira kuti njira zonsezi ndi zogwirizana. Choyamba, kuphwanya zakudya kumayambitsa kukanika kwa homeostatic njira m'thupi, ndiyeno kagayidwe kachakudya matenda amakwiya kwambiri chitukuko cha chidzalo. “Ndi anthu oipa. Munthu akamadya kwambiri, amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kudya kwambiri,” adatero. Pofufuza zotsatira za kunenepa mu zizindikiro za ubongo, asayansi akuyembekeza kumvetsetsa bwino "malo odzaza" mu ubongo ndikuphunzira momwe angawalamulire kuchokera kunja, ndi mankhwala. Zongopeka "mapiritsi ochepetsetsa" pankhaniyi sangabweretse kuwonda, koma adzabwezeretsanso luso lachilengedwe la thupi kuti lizindikire kukhuta.
Komabe, njira yabwino kwambiri yoti musasokoneze njirazi ndikuti musayambe kunenepa, madokotala akukumbutsani. Ndi bwino kuti nthawi yomweyo mumvetsere zizindikiro za thupi "zokwanira!", Osagonjera ku chiyeso cha kumwa tiyi ndi makeke ndi keke, ndipo ndithudi kuganiziranso zakudya zanu mokomera chakudya chochepa kwambiri komanso chosavuta kupukutika.